Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Chaenactidinae
(synonym of Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Chaenactidinae)
Palafoxia
palafox
erect, branched (mostly distally).
basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; opposite or alternate; usually petiolate, sometimes sessile;
blades mostly cordate, deltate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, obovate, ovate, rhombic, or spatulate, often 1–2-pinnately or -ternately lobed (lobes mostly filiform to linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate), ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces ± lanate to woolly, or hispidulous to scabrellous or strigose, sometimes glabrescent, sometimes stipitate-glandular, rarely glabrous, often gland-dotted.
cauline; opposite (proximal) or alternate (mostly);
petiolate or sessile;
blades (1- or 3-nerved) broadly lanceolate to linear, margins entire, faces sparsely to moderately scabrellous to strigillose or appressed-puberulent (hairs 0.1–0.8+ mm), not gland-dotted.
campanulate to narrowly cylindric or obconic, or hemispheric to rotate.
narrowly cylindric or turbinate to hemispheric, 3–15+ mm diam.
conic, flat, or hemispheric, often knobby or pitted (sometimes hairy or gland-dotted), usually epaleate (paleae sometimes subulate scales in Chaenactis; in Bartlettia, linear, membranous, hairy scales, each appressed to and shed with an associated cypsela may be interpreted as paleae).
flat, pitted or knobby, epaleate.
0 (corollas of peripheral florets sometimes notably larger than those of the inner, then zygomorphic, showy, and somewhat raylike, e.g., Chaenactis spp.) or (1–)4–21(–60+), pistillate, fertile;
corollas yellow, orange, red, purplish, or whitish (persistent, marcescent in Arnica dealbata).
0, or 3–13, pistillate, fertile;
corollas white or pinkish to purplish.
4–200+, usually bisexual, fertile (functionally staminate in Arnica dealbata);
corollas yellow, orange, purplish, or whitish, usually hairy and/or gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular, tubes shorter than to longer than cylindric or campanulate to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate to linear;
anther thecae pale;
stigmatic papillae in 2 lines.
12–40(–90), bisexual, fertile;
corollas pinkish to purplish or whitish (glabrous or sparsely hairy, sometimes stipitate-glandular), tubes shorter than cylindric throats or much longer than short, broadly funnelform throats, lobes 5, lance-linear or linear (equal or unequal).
usually persistent, 4–60+ in 1–4+ series (usually erect at flowering, usually reflexed in fruit, usually distinct, basally coherent in some Arnica spp., mostly lance-ovate, linear, or ovate, unequal to subequal, mostly herbaceous to membranous, outer foliaceous in Venegasia).
persistent or falling (in fruit), 8–14 in 2–3 series (erect in flowering, reflexed in fruit, purplish, or whitish, linear to oblanceolate, subequal or unequal, herbaceous to membranous).
usually 0 (sometimes 1–3 bractlets in Schkuhria).
usually radiate, sometimes discoid, rarely radiant (Chaenactis spp.), borne singly, or in clusters, or in corymbiform, cymiform, or paniculiform arrays.
radiate, discoid, disciform, or radiant, in ± corymbiform arrays.
mostly obpyramidal and 4–5-angled, sometimes clavate, columnar, cylindric, or fusiform, sometimes compressed and ± linear (e.g., Chaenactis, Hulsea) or obcompressed (e.g., Arnica dealbata, Bartlettia; lengths usually 3+ times diams.), faces usually hairy and/or gland-dotted;
pappi falling, fragile, or persistent, usually of 6–80 distinct or basally connate bristles, or of 4–20 distinct (or basally connate) scales, all, some, or none aristate, sometimes pappi none.
obpyramidal, 4-angled, densely to sparsely hairy (hairs straight);
pappi usually persistent, of 4–10 rotund and callous-thickened, or spatulate to subulate, medially thickened, laterally scarious scales in 1–2 series (all, some, or none aristate, all alike or pappi of outer cypselae shorter, rarely 0).
= 12.
Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Chaenactidinae
Palafoxia
Genera 25, species 129 (19 genera, 83 species in the flora).
The circumscription of Chaenactidinae used here (that of H. Robinson 1981) contrasts sharply with that of B. G. Baldwin (Baldwin and B. L. Wessa 2000; Baldwin et al. 2002). Baldwin included Chaenactis, Dimeresia (here segregated in Dimeresiinae), and Orochaenactis in his Chaenactidinae (as sole subtribe in his Chaenactideae) and placed other genera of Chaenactidinae in the sense of Robinson as follows: Amauriopsis, Bahia, Bartlettia, Chamaechaenactis, Florestina, Hymenothrix, Palafoxia, Peucephyllum, Picradeniopsis, Platyschkuhria, Psathyrotopsis, and Schkuhria in Bahiinae (in Bahieae); Arnica in Arnicinae (in Madieae); Hulsea in Hulseinae (in Madieae); Syntrichopappus in Baeriinae (in Madieae); Venegasia in Venegasiinae (in Madieae); and Jamesianthus in Pectidinae (in Tageteae).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species 12 (10 in the flora).
Circumscriptions of species adopted here closely follow those of B. L. Turner and M. I. Morris (1976). Some of their circumscriptions, especially those of Palafoxia callosa, P. rosea, and P. texana, merit reconsideration and possibly different interpretations. Their infraspecific taxa are not formally recognized here.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Pappi wholly or partially of bristles (pappi 0 and ray corollas whitish with red veins in Syntrichopappus lemmonii) | → 2 |
1. Pappi none or wholly of scales (all, some, or no scales aristate) | → 7 |
2. Leaves all or mostly opposite | → 3 |
2. Leaves mostly alternate (sometimes mostly basal) | → 4 |
3. Phyllaries 8–23 in (1–)2 series (subequal); pappi persistent, of 10–50 bristles | Arnica |
3. Phyllaries 14–18+ in ± 3 series (unequal); pappi fragile, of 6–8+ bristles | Jamesianthus |
4. Shrubs or treelets; leaf blades linear-filiform | Peucephyllum |
4. Annuals or perennials; leaf blades mostly deltate, elliptic, or rhombic | → 5 |
5. Cypselae obcompressed (each shed together with a subtending, linear, membranous scale, margins ciliate) | Bartlettia |
5. Cypselae clavate, fusiform, obconic, or obpyramidal (margins not ciliate) | → 6 |
6. Ray florets 5–8; pappi 0, or ± fragile (falling in whole of fragmented rings), of 25–40 basally connate or coherent bristles in 1–2 series | Syntrichopappus |
6. Ray florets 0; pappi persistent, of 70–90 distinct, unequal bristles in 2–3series | Psathyrotopsis |
7. Leaves all or mostly cauline, usually all or mostly opposite (distal sometimes, usually in Bahia, alternate) | → 8 |
7. Leaves all or mostly basal, or mostly cauline, mostly alternate (proximal sometimes opposite) | → 11 |
8. Leaves woolly; rays 5–12 (corollas persistent, marcescent); disc florets usually functionally staminate; cypselae obovoid or plumply fusiform, smooth or ca. 20-ribbed | Arnica |
8. Leaves usually ± hairy (not woolly, hairs white, straight, often bulbous, conic, or fusiform, 0.1–0.8 mm), sometimes glabrous, sometimes stipitate-glandular, usually gland-dotted; rays 0, or 1–15 (corollas withering, not marcescent); disc florets bisexual, fertile; cypselae obpyramidal, mostly 4-angled | → 9 |
9. Phyllaries 4–9(–12, margins often purplish or yellowish) | Schkuhria |
9. Phyllaries 6–18+ (margins rarely purplish, not yellowish) | → 10 |
10. Annuals, biennials, or perennials, 10–80+ cm; leaves all or mostly opposite (if perennials, blades lanceolate to oblong, 2–20+ mm wide), or all ormostly alternate | Bahia |
10. Perennials, 3–20+ cm; leaves all or mostly opposite (blades or lobes lanceolate to lance-linear, mostly 1–8 mm wide) | Picradeniopsis |
11. Phyllaries 20–40+ in 3–4+ series (unequal, outer spreading or reflexed at flowering, rotund to broadly ovate, foliaceous) | Venegasia |
11. Phyllaries mostly 4–21(–60+ in Hulsea; subequal to unequal, all ± erect at flowering, mostly lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, obovate, or spatulate, not foliaceous) | → 12 |
12. Disc corolla lobes lance-linear, lance-oblong, or linear (lengths mostly 2+ times widths) | → 13 |
12. Disc corolla lobes mostly deltate, lance-deltate, lanceolate, or ovate (lengths mostly 1–2 times widths, sometimes longer in zygomorphic corollas of some Chaenactis spp.) | → 15 |
13. Pappus scales 12–18 | Hymenothrix |
13. Pappus scales 4–12 | → 14 |
14. Leaf blades broadly lanceolate to linear (not lobed); corollas usually pinkish or purplish, sometimes whitish; cypselae densely to sparsely hairy (hairs straight) | Palafoxia |
14. Leaf blades (at least mid-cauline) 3- or 5-lobed or -foliolate (blades or leaflets broadly to narrowly oblong to ovate); corollas whitish; cypselae sparsely hairy (hairs curled) | Florestina |
15. Leaves sparsely to densely hirtellous, scabrellous, or strigose (hairs white, straight, often conic or fusiform, 0.1–0.8 mm), sometimes glabrescent, sometimes stipitate-glandular, usually gland-dotted; cypselae obpyramidal, 4-angled | → 16 |
15. Leaves mostly sparsely lanate, tomentose, or woolly (hairs crisped, tangled or matted, mostly 0.8+ mm), sometimes glabrescent, or finely granular-pubescent (hairs bulbous, less than 0.2 mm), or glabrous, sometimes stipitate-glandular or gland-dotted; cypselae clavate, ± cylindric, or obconic, often compressed and ± linear, obscurely, if at all, 4-angled (sometimes obscurely 8–20-angled) | → 18 |
16. Leaves mostly cauline, blades deltate, oblong, or ovate overall, usually 1–2-ternately lobed | Amauriopsis |
16. Leaves mostly basal or basal and cauline, blades cordate, elliptic, lanceolate, ovate or rounded | → 17 |
17. Plants mostly 10–50+ cm; leaf blades mostly lanceolate, sometimes ± ovate; heads borne singly or in corymbiform to paniculiformarrays; rays 6–12 | Platyschkuhria |
17. Plants 2–7(–9) cm (10–20+ cm across); leaf blades cordate, elliptic,ovate, or rounded; heads borne singly; rays 0 | Chamaechaenactis |
18. Ray florets 9–60+ | Hulsea |
18. Ray florets 0 (corollas of peripheral florets sometimes zygomorphic and larger than inner, heads radiant) | → 19 |
19. Heads borne singly or in ± cymiform arrays; disc florets 8–70+ | Chaenactis |
19. Heads borne singly or (2–5) in clusters (at stem tips); disc florets 4–9 | Orochaenactis |
1. Ray florets 3–13 | → 2 |
1. Ray florets 0 (peripheral florets sometimes with enlarged, ± zygomorphic corollas) | → 4 |
2. Leaf blades narrowly lanceolate to linear, 2–6 mm wide; phyllaries 6–8 mm; cypselae 5–6 mm | P. reverchonii |
2. Leaf blades broadly to narrowly lanceolate, 3–25 mm wide; phyllaries 7–16+ mm; cypselae 6–9 mm | → 3 |
3. Stems usually stipitate-glandular ± throughout; phyllaries mostly 3–5 mm wide; ray corollas 10–20 mm, laminae 9–14 mm | P. hookeriana |
3. Stems stipitate-glandular only distally (mainly on peduncles), if at all; phyllaries mostly 1.5–3 mm wide; ray corollas 15–25 mm, laminae 5–8(–12) mm | P. sphacelata |
4. Corolla throats ± cylindric, longer than lobes | → 5 |
4. Corolla throats ± funnelform, shorter than lobes | → 6 |
5. Perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs; leaf blades narrowly elliptic to ovate; phyllaries 5–9 mm; cypselae 6–8 mm | P. feayi |
5. Annuals (rarely persisting); leaf blades narrowly lanceolate to linear; phyllaries 10–25 mm; cypselae 10–16 mm | P. arida |
6. Perennials (rhizomatous); phyllaries unequal (outer shorter) | P. integrifolia |
6. Annuals (rarely persisting, becoming ± shrubby, not rhizomatous); phyllaries ± equal | → 7 |
7. Involucres ± cylindric; phyllaries 10–15 mm; corollas of outer florets ± zygomorphic | P. riograndensis |
7. Involucres ± turbinate to campanulate; phyllaries 3–10 mm; corollas of all florets ± actinomorphic | → 8 |
8. Phyllaries 3–5 mm; corollas 5–6 mm; pappus scales mostly 0.3–1 mm | P. callosa |
8. Phyllaries 5–10 mm; corollas 7–10 mm; pappus scales (1.5–)3–8 mm | → 9 |
9. Leaf blades narrowly lanceolate to linear, 2–6(–12) mm wide; phyllar-ies usually stipitate-glandular | P. rosea |
9. Leaf blades mostly lanceolate, (5–)10–20 mm wide; phyllaries rarely stipitate-glandular | P. texana |
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