Flora of North America species comparison

erect, branched (mostly distally).

basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; opposite or alternate; usually petiolate, sometimes sessile;

blades mostly cordate, deltate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, obovate, ovate, rhombic, or spatulate, often 1–2-pinnately or -ternately lobed (lobes mostly filiform to linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate), ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces ± lanate to woolly, or hispidulous to scabrellous or strigose, sometimes glabrescent, sometimes stipitate-glandular, rarely glabrous, often gland-dotted.

cauline; opposite (proximal) or alternate (mostly); mostly petiolate;

blades (3- or 5-nerved) simple (proximal and distal) or (mid-cauline) 3- or 5-lobed or -foliolate;

blades or leaflets broadly to narrowly oblong to ovate, ultimate margins entire, faces sparsely to moderately scabrous (hairs white, antrorse, 0.3–0.7 mm), usually gland-dotted as well.

campanulate to narrowly cylindric or obconic, or hemispheric to rotate.

obconic to subhemispheric, 3–6+ mm diam.

conic, flat, or hemispheric, often knobby or pitted (sometimes hairy or gland-dotted), usually epaleate (paleae sometimes subulate scales in Chaenactis; in Bartlettia, linear, membranous, hairy scales, each appressed to and shed with an associated cypsela may be interpreted as paleae).

concave to convex, knobby or smooth (sometimes minutely setose or hairy), epaleate.

0 (corollas of peripheral florets sometimes notably larger than those of the inner, then zygomorphic, showy, and somewhat raylike, e.g., Chaenactis spp.) or (1–)4–21(–60+), pistillate, fertile;

corollas yellow, orange, red, purplish, or whitish (persistent, marcescent in Arnica dealbata).

0.

4–200+, usually bisexual, fertile (functionally staminate in Arnica dealbata);

corollas yellow, orange, purplish, or whitish, usually hairy and/or gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular, tubes shorter than to longer than cylindric or campanulate to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate to linear;

anther thecae pale;

stigmatic papillae in 2 lines.

10–30+, bisexual, fertile;

corollas whitish, sparsely glandular-hairy, tubes longer than funnelform throats, lobes 5, lance-linear (often unequal).

usually persistent, 4–60+ in 1–4+ series (usually erect at flowering, usually reflexed in fruit, usually distinct, basally coherent in some Arnica spp., mostly lance-ovate, linear, or ovate, unequal to subequal, mostly herbaceous to membranous, outer foliaceous in Venegasia).

falling, 4–14 in 1–2 series (obovate to oblanceolate, subequal, thin-herbaceous, margins scarious, sometimes purplish).

usually 0 (sometimes 1–3 bractlets in Schkuhria).

usually radiate, sometimes discoid, rarely radiant (Chaenactis spp.), borne singly, or in clusters, or in corymbiform, cymiform, or paniculiform arrays.

discoid, in ± corymbiform to paniculiform arrays.

mostly obpyramidal and 4–5-angled, sometimes clavate, columnar, cylindric, or fusiform, sometimes compressed and ± linear (e.g., Chaenactis, Hulsea) or obcompressed (e.g., Arnica dealbata, Bartlettia; lengths usually 3+ times diams.), faces usually hairy and/or gland-dotted;

pappi falling, fragile, or persistent, usually of 6–80 distinct or basally connate bristles, or of 4–20 distinct (or basally connate) scales, all, some, or none aristate, sometimes pappi none.

obpyramidal, 4-angled, faces sometimes ribbed, sparsely hairy (hairs curled);

pappi persistent, of 8–12 (distinct) spatulate to lanceolate [suborbiculate], medially thickened, laterally scarious scales in 1 series (some, all, or the alternate aristate).

= 12.