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asclépiade tubéreuse, butterfly milkweed

asclépiade verticillée, eastern whorled milkweed, horsetail milkweed, whorled milkweed

Habit Herbs. Herbs.
Stems

1–numerous, erect to ascending, branched in inflorescence, 15–90 cm, densely hirsute, not glaucous, rhizomes absent.

1 (rarely 2 or 3), erect, sparingly branched, arrested vegetative branches absent, 35–90 cm, sparsely puberulent with curved trichomes in lines, not glaucous, rhizomatous.

Leaves

alternate, petiolate, with 1 or 2 stipular colleters on each side of petiole;

petiole 1–4 mm, densely hirsute;

blade elliptic, oblong, or oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear, 2–12 × 0.3–3 cm, chartaceous, base cuneate or obtuse to rounded, truncate, hastate, or cordate, margins entire, apex acute to attenuate or obtuse to rounded, venation brochidodromous to eucamptodromous, surfaces hirsute, more densely so on midvein abaxially, margins ciliate, 0–4 laminar colleters.

3–6-whorled, sessile, with 1 stipular colleter on each side of leaf base on a ciliate interpetiolar ridge;

blade linear, 1.5–7 × 0.1–0.2 cm, chartaceous, base cuneate, margins entire, apex acute, mucronate, venation obscure, surfaces glabrous abaxially, puberulent with curved trichomes adaxially, especially on midvein, to glabrate, margins ciliate, laminar colleters absent.

Inflorescences

corymbs of extra-axillary umbels on branches, sessile or pedunculate, 5–27-flowered;

peduncle 0–4 cm, sometimes branched, hirsute, with 1 caducous bract at the base of each pedicel.

extra-axillary at upper nodes, pedunculate, 7–28-flowered;

peduncle 0.8–4 cm, puberulent with curved trichomes on 1 side, with 1 caducous bract at the base of each pedicel.

Pedicels

9–24 mm, puberulent with curved trichomes to pilosulous.

6–10 mm, puberulent with curved trichomes.

Flowers

erect;

calyx lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2–3 mm, apex acute, hirsute to puberulent with curved trichomes;

corolla reddish orange (nearly red) to orange or yellow, lobes reflexed with spreading tips, narrowly elliptic, (5–)6–8 mm, apex acute, glabrous abaxially, minutely papillose at base adaxially;

gynostegial column 1.2–1.5 mm, fused anthers yellow to yellowish green, cylindric, 2–3 mm, wings right-triangular, closed, apical appendages ovate;

corona segments reddish orange (nearly red) to orange or yellow, substipitate, conduplicate, dorsally flattened, sulcate, 5.5–7 mm, greatly exceeding style apex, apex acute, glabrous, internal appendage subulate, exserted, arching above style apex, glabrous;

style apex shallowly depressed, yellow to yellowish green.

erect to spreading;

calyx lobes lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm, apex acute, puberulent with curved trichomes to glabrate;

corolla pale green to cream or ochroleucous, sometimes tan-tinged, lobes reflexed with spreading tips, elliptic, 3–4 mm, apex acute, glabrous abaxially, minutely papillose at base adaxially;

gynostegial column 1–1.2 mm;

fused anthers green, columnar, 1.2–1.5 mm, wings narrowly right-triangular, closed, apical appendages deltoid;

corona segments cream, stipitate, cupulate, dorsally flattened, 1.5–2 mm, exceeded by style apex, apex obtuse, margin shallowly lobed (sometimes obscure) to sharply toothed proximally, glabrous, internal appendage acicular, exserted, arching over style apex, glabrous;

style apex shallowly depressed, green to greenish cream.

Seeds

ovate, 8–9 × 4–5 mm, margin winged, faces minutely rugulose;

coma 3–5 cm.

ovate, 6–7 × 4–5 mm, margin winged, faces smooth;

coma 2.5–3.5 cm.

Follicles

erect on upcurved pedicels, fusiform, 7–14 × 1.2–2 cm, apex long-acuminate or attenuate, smooth, hirsute.

erect on straight pedicels, narrowly fusiform, 6–11 × 0.4–0.8 cm, apex acuminate to attenuate, smooth, glabrous.

2n

= 22.

= 22.

Asclepias tuberosa

Asclepias verticillata

Phenology Flowering Feb–Oct; fruiting Mar–Nov(–Dec).
Habitat Ridges, slopes, flats, glades, bluffs, dunes, sandhills, streamsides, wet meadows and depressions, lake shores, sandstone, limestone, granite, serpentine, dolomite, shale, sandy, clay, and rocky soils, prairies, pine flatwoods and barrens, pine and oak scrubs, oak and oak-hickory woodlands, pine, pine-oak and pine-mixed-hardwood forests, forest edges.
Elevation 0–1000 m. (0–3300 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; n Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; MB; ON; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 3 (3 in the flora).

Asclepias tuberosa is one of the most familiar and beloved North American milkweeds and is a favored element of pollinator gardens because of the cheery orange flowers that attract abundant insect visitors. The clear latex is unusual in the genus and is often commented upon by collectors. The subspecies of A. tuberosa are highly intergrading. It is often difficult to satisfactorily place a given specimen in a particular subspecies; however, the great majority are readily assigned. It appears that the conspicuous variation in leaf morphology across the subspecies corresponds to genetically structured population variation (R. E. Woodson Jr. 1947). However, it is unknown to what extent cultivation and other human activities have blurred the distinctions among the geographic variants. Future recognition of the subspecies should be supported by genetic study with modern techniques. Although yellow-flowered plants predominate in the western plains, color variation is often pronounced in single populations, and yellow flowers may be encountered anywhere in the range. Hybridization with A. syriaca is documented, but is exceedingly rare. Presumed hybrids can be recognized by intermediate floral and vegetative traits.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Asclepias verticillata is parapatric with the closely related and morphologically similar A. linearis, A. pumila, and A. subverticillata. It can be difficult to distinguish from these relatives where their ranges overlap. Similarities with A. linearis and A. subverticillata are discussed under those species; no definitive hybrids between A. verticillata and these species have been documented. The characteristic marginal corona segment tooth is often reduced to a shallow lobe in western populations of A. verticillata, which complicates distinguishing this species from A. subverticillata, and which suggests past introgression. A widely disjunct collection of A. verticillata was made in Arizona, well within the range of A. subverticillata, for Plants of the Hopis (Millspaugh 176 [F]); persistence of the species in Arizona has not been documented by additional collections. Hybrids with A. pumila are usually readily detected because the parental species are distinct in leaf arrangement and internode length (whorled and distant nodes in A. verticillata versus alternate and congested in A. pumila). These hybrids often have mixed phyllotaxy and have been documented in Kansas, Montana, South Dakota, and Texas. Asclepias verticillata is strongly rhizomatous and forms dense colonies on roadsides and in prairies; in forests, however, genets are small and solitary stems are common. Like several other milkweed species, it is rare and declining at the northeastern terminus of its range (in Delaware, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont). It is also considered rare in Saskatchewan, where it has been documented by few specimens. Reports from Wyoming (Crook County) all seem to pertain to A. pumila (B. Heidel, pers. comm.).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaf bases hastate, blade margins crisped.
subsp. rolfsii
1. Leaf bases cuneate, obtuse, rounded, truncate, or subcordate, blade margins planar.
→ 2
2. Leaf bases cuneate to obtuse, rounded, or subcordate, apices rounded to acute, mostly east of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains.
subsp. tuberosa
2. Leaf bases truncate or obtuse to cordate, apices acute to attenuate, mostly west of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains.
subsp. interior
Source FNA vol. 14. FNA vol. 14.
Parent taxa Apocynaceae > Asclepias Apocynaceae > Asclepias
Sibling taxa
A. albicans, A. amplexicaulis, A. angustifolia, A. arenaria, A. asperula, A. brachystephana, A. californica, A. cinerea, A. connivens, A. cordifolia, A. cryptoceras, A. curassavica, A. curtissii, A. cutleri, A. eastwoodiana, A. elata, A. emoryi, A. engelmanniana, A. eriocarpa, A. erosa, A. exaltata, A. fascicularis, A. feayi, A. hallii, A. hirtella, A. humistrata, A. hypoleuca, A. incarnata, A. involucrata, A. labriformis, A. lanceolata, A. lanuginosa, A. latifolia, A. lemmonii, A. linaria, A. linearis, A. longifolia, A. macrosperma, A. macrotis, A. meadii, A. michauxii, A. nummularia, A. nyctaginifolia, A. obovata, A. oenotheroides, A. ovalifolia, A. pedicellata, A. perennis, A. prostrata, A. pumila, A. purpurascens, A. quadrifolia, A. quinquedentata, A. rubra, A. rusbyi, A. ruthiae, A. sanjuanensis, A. scaposa, A. solanoana, A. speciosa, A. sperryi, A. stenophylla, A. subulata, A. subverticillata, A. sullivantii, A. syriaca, A. texana, A. tomentosa, A. uncialis, A. variegata, A. verticillata, A. vestita, A. viridiflora, A. viridis, A. viridula, A. welshii
A. albicans, A. amplexicaulis, A. angustifolia, A. arenaria, A. asperula, A. brachystephana, A. californica, A. cinerea, A. connivens, A. cordifolia, A. cryptoceras, A. curassavica, A. curtissii, A. cutleri, A. eastwoodiana, A. elata, A. emoryi, A. engelmanniana, A. eriocarpa, A. erosa, A. exaltata, A. fascicularis, A. feayi, A. hallii, A. hirtella, A. humistrata, A. hypoleuca, A. incarnata, A. involucrata, A. labriformis, A. lanceolata, A. lanuginosa, A. latifolia, A. lemmonii, A. linaria, A. linearis, A. longifolia, A. macrosperma, A. macrotis, A. meadii, A. michauxii, A. nummularia, A. nyctaginifolia, A. obovata, A. oenotheroides, A. ovalifolia, A. pedicellata, A. perennis, A. prostrata, A. pumila, A. purpurascens, A. quadrifolia, A. quinquedentata, A. rubra, A. rusbyi, A. ruthiae, A. sanjuanensis, A. scaposa, A. solanoana, A. speciosa, A. sperryi, A. stenophylla, A. subulata, A. subverticillata, A. sullivantii, A. syriaca, A. texana, A. tomentosa, A. tuberosa, A. uncialis, A. variegata, A. vestita, A. viridiflora, A. viridis, A. viridula, A. welshii
Subordinate taxa
A. tuberosa subsp. interior, A. tuberosa subsp. rolfsii, A. tuberosa subsp. tuberosa
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 217. (1753) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 217. (1753)
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