Asclepias cordifolia
Asclepias syriaca
heart-leaf milkweed, purple milkweed
asclépiade commune, broadleaf milkweed, common milkweed
1–20, ascending to spreading, unbranched, 25–100 cm, glabrous, glaucous, rhizomes absent.
1 (rarely more, but forming dense colonies), erect, unbranched (rarely branched), 50–200 cm, tomentose to puberulent with curved trichomes, not glaucous, rhizomatous.
opposite, sessile, stipular colleters absent;
blade ovate to lanceolate, 3.5–11 × 1.8–8 cm, chartaceous, base cordate, clasping, margins entire, apex acute, mucronate, venation brochidodromous to eucamptodromous, surfaces glabrous, glaucous, margins minutely ciliate, laminar colleters absent.
opposite, petiolate, with 1–5 stipular colleters on each side of petiole;
petiole 5–15 mm, tomentose to puberulent with curved trichomes;
blade oval or ovate to oblong or elliptic, 6–30 × 2.5–11 cm, chartaceous, base cuneate to rounded or truncate, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded or acute, often mucronate, venation brochidodromous, surfaces tomentose to pilosulous abaxially, tomentose to glabrate adaxially, margins ciliate, 4–20 laminar colleters.
terminal, branched, sometimes also extra-axillary at upper nodes, pedunculate, 5–20-flowered;
peduncle 0.3–6.5 cm, apically sparsely pilose to glabrate, with few bracts.
extra-axillary, pedunculate, 24–113-flowered;
peduncle 2–12 cm, tomentulose to pilose or puberulent with curved trichomes, with 1 caducous bract at the base of each pedicel.
16–37 mm, sparsely pilose.
17–40 mm, densely pilose to puberulent with curved trichomes.
erect to pendent;
calyx lobes elliptic to lanceolate, 3–5 mm, apex acute, pilose;
corolla red-violet, lobes reflexed with spreading tips, oval, 6–7 mm, apex acute, glabrous;
gynostegial column 1–1.5 mm;
fused anthers brown, cylindric, 1.5–2 mm, wings right-triangular, open at tip, apical appendages deltoid;
corona segments white, tinged pink to red-violet at base, sessile, tubular, 2–3 mm, exceeded by style apex, base saccate, apex truncate, oblique, glabrous, internal appendage absent;
style apex shallowly depressed, pink to red-violet.
erect to pendent;
calyx lobes elliptic, 3–6 mm, apex acute, tomentulose;
corolla dark to pale pink or green and pink-tinged, lobes reflexed with spreading tips, oblong to oval, 6–9 mm, apex acute, pilose abaxially, minutely hirtellous at base adaxially;
gynostegial column 1–1.5 mm;
fused anthers green, cylindric, 2–2.5 mm, wings narrowly right-triangular, slightly open, apical appendages ovate;
corona segments reddish purple to cream, sessile, tubular, slightly flattened dorsally, 4–5 mm, exceeding style apex, apex obtuse, somewhat to strongly flared, glabrous, internal appendage falcate, exserted, sharply inflexed over style apex, glabrous;
style apex shallowly depressed, green or pale to dark pink.
ovate, 8–9 × 5–7 mm, margin not winged, faces reticulate-rugulose;
coma 3–3.5 cm.
narrowly ovate, 7–8 × 4–5 mm, margin winged, faces rugulose;
coma 3–4 cm.
erect on upcurved pedicels, lance-ovoid, 7.5–10.5 × 1.5–1.8 cm, apex long-acuminate, smooth, glabrous, glaucous.
erect on upcurved pedicels, lance-ovoid to ovoid, 7–12 × 2–4 cm, apex acuminate, smooth or muricate, tomentose.
= 22.
= 22.
Asclepias cordifolia
Asclepias syriaca
Fresh leaves and stems of Asclepias cordifolia are often slightly or strongly colored bluish, grayish, or purplish. This is one of the few American species of Asclepias with cavitate corona segments that lack adaxial appendages. Such species were segregated along with diverse African species in Gomphocarpus R. Brown, a polyphyletic segregate (M. Fishbein et al. 2011; D. Chuba et al. 2017). Asclepias cordifolia is a distinctive species unlike any other within its range. It is phylogenetically and geographically isolated, although not highly derived morphologically. In Nevada, A. cordifolia is restricted to the Sierra Nevada, in Carson City, Douglas, and Washoe counties. Its range extends to northern California and southwestern Oregon.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Asclepias syriaca is surely the most familiar milkweed in North America, and one that evokes ambivalence. It has been considered an undesirable species because of its prolific rhizomatous spread and ability to invade and thrive in cultivated land. However, it has been used as a food plant by indigenous and colonizing peoples, and its pleasantly fragrant and nectariferous flowers are avidly sought by diverse insects, highlighting the ecological importance of A. syriaca. Moreover, it has come to be appreciated because of its importance as one of the most commonly utilized host plants of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. There is some evidence that its population in agricultural lands in the upper midwestern United States has dramatically declined in the last several decades. However, its range and abundance prior to European settlement are not well understood and may have been much lower than in historical times, particularly in deforested areas of the eastern United States. It is considered to have been introduced to Newfoundland, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina and has been reported, but without documentation, from Texas. It has been documented from Salem, Oregon, but appears to not be established there (R. Halse, pers. comm.). It is considered to be of conservation concern at the northwesternmost edge of its range in Saskatchewan, where a single population is known in Estevan Municipality. Asclepias syriaca is the most promiscuous of milkweeds, as it is known to hybridize with at least seven other species (A. amplexicaulis, A. exaltata, A. ovalifolia, A. purpurascens, A. speciosa, A. sullivantii, A. tuberosa). Hybrids with A. speciosa are most frequent, as discussed under that species. Hybrids with A. exaltata are not infrequently encountered in the Appalachian Mountains and elsewhere. Other hybrids are highly localized. In all cases, putative hybrids are inferred from intermediate floral and vegetatative traits.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
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