Arabidopsis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
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mouse-ear cress, rock-cress, thale cress |
Arabidopsis, mouse-ear, mouse-ear cress, mouse-ear rockcress, mouse-ear thale-cress, thale cress |
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Habit | Annuals, biennials, or perennials; (stoloniferous or with woody caudex); not scapose; glabrous or pubescent, trichomes simple, mixed with stalked, 1–3-forked ones. | Annuals; glabrous or pubescent, trichomes usually simple, sometimes mixed with stalked, forked ones. | ||||||||||||
Stems | erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched distally, (usually glabrous distally). |
simple or few from base, erect, unbranched or branched distally, (0.2–)0.5–3(–5) dm, pubescent basally, trichomes predominantly simple, glabrous apically. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; petiolate, sessile, or subsessile; basal rosulate, petiolate, blade margins entire, toothed, or pinnately lobed; cauline blade margins usually entire or dentate, rarely lyrate. |
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Basal leaves | shortly petiolate; blades obovate, spatulate, ovate, or elliptic, 0.8–3.5(–4.5) cm × (1–)2–10(–15) mm, margins entire, repand, or dentate, apex obtuse, adaxial surface with predominantly simple and stalked, 1-forked trichomes. |
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Cauline leaves | subsessile; blade lanceolate, linear, oblong, or elliptic, (0.4–)0.6–1.8(–2.5) cm × 1–6(–10) mm, margins usually entire, rarely toothed. |
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Racemes | (few- to several-flowered), not elongated in fruit. |
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Flowers | sepals erect or ascending, usually oblong (or ovate), (lateral pair sometimes saccate or subsaccate basally); petals white, lavender, or purplish [pink, purple], obovate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, claw differentiated from blade or not, (apex obtuse or emarginate); stamens slightly tetradynamous; filaments not dilated basally; anthers oblong or ovate, (apex obtuse); nectar glands confluent, subtending bases of stamens. |
sepals 1–2(–2.5) mm, lateral pair not saccate basally, (glabrous or sparsely pubescent distally, trichomes simple); petals white, spatulate, 2–3.5(–4) × 0.5–1.5 mm, (base attenuate to claw); filaments 1.5–2 mm. |
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Fruiting pedicels | ascending, divaricate, or slightly reflexed, slender. |
divaricate, 3–10(–15) mm. |
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Fruits | siliques, dehiscent, shortly stipitate or subsessile, linear, smooth or somewhat torulose, terete or latiseptate; valves (papery), each not veined or midvein prominent or obscure, glabrous; replum rounded; septum complete; ovules 15–80 per ovary; (style obsolete or distinct, to 1 mm); stigma capitate. |
cylindric or linear, smooth, terete, (0.8–)1–1.5(–1.8) cm × 0.5–0.8 mm; valves each with distinct midvein; ovules 40–70 per ovary; style to 0.5 mm. |
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Seeds | usually uniseriate, plump or flattened, not winged or margined, oblong, ovoid, or ellipsoid; seed coat (minutely reticulate), mucilaginous or not when wetted; cotyledons usually accumbent, rarely incumbent. |
light brown, (plump), ellipsoid 0.3–0.5 mm; cotyledons incumbent. |
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x | = 5, 8. |
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2n | = 10. |
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Arabidopsis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–May. | |||||||||||||
Habitat | Sandy areas along roadsides, stream banks, railroad tracks and embankments, open pastures, grassy flats, fields, prairies, floodplains, woods, lawns, limestone ledges and crevices, bluffs, shale and serpentine barrens, gravel, sandstone | |||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-1000 m (0-3300 ft) | |||||||||||||
Distribution |
North America; Europe; n Asia; e Asia |
AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; MT; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; ON; QC; Europe; sw Asia; c Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also nearly worldwide]
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Discussion | Species 10 (4 in the flora). The limits of Arabidopsis have been the subject of long controversy, and more than 50 species were placed in the genus (I. A. Al-Shehbaz et al. 1999). The delimitation of the genus was based primarily on the presence of branched trichomes, linear fruits, and accumbent or incumbent cotyledons. That combination of characteristics evolved independently multiple times in Brassicaceae. Extensive molecular data and critical evaluation of morphology have shown that Arabidopsis is polyphyletic (S. L. O’Kane and Al-Shehbaz 2003). Nine of the ten species in the genus are native to Europe; only A. arenicola is endemic to North America. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Arabidopsis thaliana is the most widely used model organism in plant biology. Its small genome size, fully sequenced in the year 2000, chromosome number, fast growth cycle (from seed germination to set in four to six weeks), small size (hundreds can be grown in a pot and thousands in a growth chamber), autogamous breeding system (induced mutations are expressed in two generations), and ability to grow on various synthetic media, all make the species an ideal system in experimental biology. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 447. | FNA vol. 7, p. 450. | ||||||||||||
Parent taxa | ||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Arabis thaliana, Sisymbrium thalianum | |||||||||||||
Name authority | (de Candolle) Heynhold: in F. Holl and G. Heynhold, Fl. Sachsen 1: 538. (1842) | (Linnaeus) Heynhold: in F. Holl and G. Heynhold, Fl. Sachsen 1: 538. (1842) | ||||||||||||
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