Flora of North America species comparison

to 1(–3) cm, branching occasionally; oval to rounded-triangular or pentagonal in transverse section, hyalodermis absent, sclerodermis weak, cells with smaller lumens, but usually thin-walled, central strand present, strong; weakly radiculose or with red-brown tomentum;

axillary hairs of 3–10 cells, all hyaline or basal 1–2 brownish.

commonly distant and exposing the stem; short-lanceolate to ligulate, (0.4–)1–1.5(–1.8) mm;

apex narrowly to broadly acute, apiculus short-triangular;

margins 1-stratose;

costa percurrent in distal leaves, ending in a clear, sharp cell.

often distant or crowded, occasionally secund, 1–1.5(–2) mm, appressed-incurved when dry, spreading when moist; ligulate to lanceolate, occasionally triangular or acuminate, adaxial surface strongly keeled, deeply grooved along costa;

leaf base scarcely differentiated in shape or ovate, laminal margins plane or weakly recurved in proximal 1/2, entire, occasionally finely crenulate or weakly denticulate;

apex broadly obtuse to sharply acute or occasionally acuminate;

costa sometimes short-excurrent as a mucro or rarely ending a few cells below apex, adaxial outgrowths absent, adaxial cells elongate, occasionally short-rectangular to quadrate near apex, in 2–3 rows, abaxial cells elongate;

transverse section oval to reniform, adaxial epidermis absent to weakly developed, adaxial stereid band absent, guide cells 2–4 in 1 layer, hydroid strand absent, abaxial stereid band strong, semicircular to ovate in section, abaxial epidermis usually distinct;

basal cells differentiated in a small group at base of costa, short-rectangular, little wider than distal cells, 2–4:1, usually thick-walled;

distal medial cells subquadrate, occasionally elongate transversely or longitudinally, (5–)7–9(–15) µm wide, 1(–2):1(–2), papillae either massive, multifurcating and centered over lumens or simple to 2-fid, cell walls thin to greatly thickened, superficially flat to bulging.

yellow-brown, 0.3–0.8 cm, twisted clockwise proximally, occasionally counterclockwise distally.

dioicous.

dioicous;

perigonia and perichaetia terminal on short lateral branches, interior perichaetial leaves convolute-sheathing, ovate-acuminate, 1–1.5 mm, laminal cells shortly rhomboidal to near apex.

0.5–1 mm, exceeding the theca in length, ovoid, inclined.

yellow-brown to brown, ovoid to elliptic, 0.5–1(–1.5) mm, exothecial cells rectangular, walls thin, annulus of two rows of weakly vesiculose cells;

operculum long-rostrate, 0.4–0.6(–1.8) mm, cells in straight rows;

peristome teeth absent.

cucullate, 1.2–1.5(–2) mm, smooth.

9–12(–19) µm, weakly to strongly papillose, light brown.

asexual reproduction absent.

asexual reproduction rare, by gemmae in axils of leaves.

laminal color reaction yellow to yellow-orange.