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savanna false indigo or indigo-bush

bastard indigo, bastard indigobush, bastard or desert false indigo, desert false indigo, false indigo-bush, tall indigo bush, western false indigo

Habit Shrubs, 0.3–1.4 m; arising from compact, woody root. Shrubs, (1–)2–3(–4) m; arising from compact, woody root.
Stems

finely longitudinally grooved and ridged, gland-dotted, strigulose to glabrate.

smooth, eglandular or, sometimes, sparsely gland-dotted, usually puberulent to glabrate, rarely glabrous.

Leaves

(8–)12–20(–26) cm;

stipules sometimes persistent, linear or setaceous, (1–)1.5–2(–2.5) mm;

petiole (6–)8–15(–20) mm, gland-dotted, puberulent or glabrous;

rachis sparsely gland-dotted, puberulent or glabrous;

leaflets (11–)15–31(–35), stipels acicular or setaceous, 0.8–1.8 mm, petiolule 0.7–1.5(–1.8) mm, gland-dotted, mostly puberulent or glabrous, blade elliptic to oblong or ovate to suborbiculate, (10–)15–25(–35) × (7–)9–15(–18) mm, base truncate or round to subcordate, margins usually revolute, entire or inconspicuously crenulate, apex round to obtuse or emarginate, surfaces sparsely to conspicuously gland-dotted, usually glabrous or glabrate, sometimes sparsely pubescent abaxially;

midvein terminated by a slender mucro, (0.2–)0.4–1 mm.

10–25(–28) cm;

stipules linear, 2–4 mm, usually eglandular, pilosulous;

petiole (8–)10–40 mm, usually eglandular, sometimes sparsely gland-dotted, usually puberulent to glabrate, rarely glabrous;

rachis usually eglandular, sometimes sparsely gland-dotted, puberulent to glabrate;

leaflets [5–]9–21(–31), stipels setaceous, 2–4 mm, petiolule (1.5–)2–4 mm, often eglandular, sometimes sparsely gland-dotted, usually pilosulous to puberulent or glabrate, rarely glabrous, blade usually elliptic to oblong, rarely ovate, (10–)20–40(–50) × (5–)10–20(–25) mm, base acute to rounded, margins flat, entire or nearly so, apex acute to round or, rarely, emarginate, surfaces usually pilosulous to puberulent or glabrate, sometimes glabrous at least adaxially;

midvein terminated by a slender mucro, 0.5–1.5 mm.

Racemes

(1–)3–5(–8)-branched, 10–20(–30) cm;

rachis sparsely gland-dotted, puberulent;

bracteoles linear to narrowly subulate, 1.5–2.5(–3) mm, usually eglandular, sparsely pubescent or sparsely ciliate.

(1 or)2–8(–12)-branched, (5–)10–20(–25) cm;

rachis usually eglandular, mostly puberulent to pilosulous, sometimes glabrate;

bracteoles linear to setaceous, 1.5–3 mm, pilosulous abaxially, glabrous adaxially.

Pedicels

0.4–1 mm, eglandular, sparsely pubescent.

1–2.2 mm, usually eglandular, puberulent to pilosulous.

Flowers

calyx tube turbinate to narrowly campanulate or cylindric, 1.7–2.2 mm, distal 1/3–2/3 rarely gland-dotted, glabrous;

lobes: abaxial lobe acuminate, slightly longer, adaxial lobes triangular to acuminate, 0.4–1.2(–1.5) mm, margins densely ciliate;

banner bright blue, broadly obovate to obcordate, (4–)5–6 × 3–3.5(–4) mm, distinctly clawed, margins entire or finely erose;

filaments 5–8 mm, distinct;

anthers yellow;

ovary pubescent.

calyx tube obconic to funnelform or campanulate, 2–3(–4) mm, distal 1/3 gland-dotted or, infrequently, eglandular, puberulent to pilosulous or glabrous;

lobes triangular-dentate, 0.2–1.2 mm, margins ciliate;

banner reddish purple, broadly obovate to obcordate, 5–6 × 3.5–4.2 mm, indistinctly clawed, margins entire, apex slightly emarginate or erose;

filaments 6–8 mm, connate basally 1–2(–3) mm;

anthers yellow;

ovary glabrous or, rarely, pubescent.

Legumes

sessile or stipitate, 4–5.5 × 2–2.5 mm, margins curved outward abaxially, straight adaxially, at least distal 1/2–2/3 gland-dotted, glabrous.

sessile, 5–9 × (2–)3–4.5 mm, margins curved outward abaxially, straight to curved adaxially, more often gland-dotted nearly throughout, sometimes eglandular, usually glabrous or pubescent.

Seeds

olive brown or brown, 2–2.3 × 1–1.5 mm, smooth, lustrous.

reddish brown, 3.5–4.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm, smooth, lustrous.

2n

= (38) 40.

Amorpha confusa

Amorpha fruticosa

Phenology Flowering (May–)Jun–Jul. Flowering Apr–Jun(–Jul).
Habitat Pine woodlands, savannas, and road banks in outer Atlantic Coastal Plain. Dry or moist grasslands, scrublands, woodlands, river and stream banks, tidal marshes, roadsides, fields, or waste places.
Elevation 0–50 m. (0–200 ft.) 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
NC; Pine woodlands; savannas; and road banks in outer Atlantic Coastal Plain
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; ME; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; MB; NB; ON; QC; Mass Mich; Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua) [Introduced in Europe, Asia, Africa]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Amorpha confusa is known presently only from Brunswick and Columbus counties; it is believed to be extirpated in adjacent South Carolina. The taxon is a Federal species of concern and is listed as threatened in North Carolina. It is usually encountered growing in loamy soils, most often of the Foreston soil series.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Amorpha fruticosa is frequently planted as an ornamental and is locally naturalized in Europe, Asia, Africa.

Following R. L. Wilbur (1975) and D. Isely (1998), we maintain Amorpha fruticosa here in a broad circumscription, as the numerous varieties, forms, and regional species delimited from the larger taxon appear to have little taxonomic value due to overlapping morphological variation and widespread plasticity. This species is commonly available in the horticultural trade and is cultivated worldwide. Plants in cultivation can be especially robust, rising to six meters tall with far fewer leaflets than usual. Amorpha fruticosa spreads easily in riparian habitats and is often weedy. Although the native range of A. fruticosa encompasses much of North America, it has only relatively recently become established in the Pacific Northwest, perhaps due to its use for erosion control, and has only been recorded from Idaho, Oregon, and Washington since the 1980s (J. B. Glad and R. R. Halse 1993). This species is considered to be introduced also in Ontario and Quebec.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 11. FNA vol. 11.
Parent taxa Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Amorpha Fabaceae > subfam. Faboideae > Amorpha
Sibling taxa
A. californica, A. canescens, A. crenulata, A. fruticosa, A. georgiana, A. glabra, A. herbacea, A. laevigata, A. nana, A. nitens, A. ouachitensis, A. paniculata, A. roemeriana, A. schwerinii
A. californica, A. canescens, A. confusa, A. crenulata, A. georgiana, A. glabra, A. herbacea, A. laevigata, A. nana, A. nitens, A. ouachitensis, A. paniculata, A. roemeriana, A. schwerinii
Synonyms A. georgiana var. confusa A. angustifolia, A. bushii, A. croceolanata, A. curtisii, A. dewinkeleri, A. fruticosa var. angustifolia, A. fruticosa var. croceolanata, A. fruticosa var. occidentalis, A. occidentalis, A. tennessensis, A. virgata
Name authority (Wilbur) S. C. K. Straub: Sorrie & Weakley, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 3: 154. (2009) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 713. (1753)
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