Amaranthus viridis |
Amaranthus pumilus |
|
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green amaranth, slender amaranth, tropical green amaranth |
coast amaranth, sea-side amaranth, seabeach amaranth |
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Habit | Plants annual, sometimes short-lived perennial in tropics and subtropics, glabrous. | Plants annual, glabrous. |
Stems | erect, simple or with lateral branches (especially distally), 0.2–1 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2–11/2 as long as blade; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate, 1–7 × 0.5–5 cm, base rounded, cuneate, or attenuate, margins entire, plane, apex obtuse, rounded, or emarginate, mucronate. |
prostrate to ascending (often forming mats), red, much-branched, 0.1–0.4(–0.5) m, fleshy. |
Leaves | clustered near tips of branches; petiole 5–10 mm; blade orbiculate, broadly ovate or obovate, 1–1.5 cm × 1–1.5 cm, fleshy, base broadly cuneate to tapering, margin entire, plane or slightly undulate, apex broadly rounded to obtuse, mucronate. |
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Bracts | of pistillate flowers ovate to lanceolate, 1 mm, shorter than tepals. |
of pistillate flowers ovate or elliptic, 1.2–2 mm, 1/2 as long as tepals. |
Inflorescences | slender spikes aggregated into elongate terminal panicles, also from distal axils, green, leafless at least distally. |
dense axillary glomerules, green. |
Staminate flowers | inconspicuous, mostly at tips of inflorescences; tepals 3; stamens 3. |
intermixed with pistillate; tepals 5; stamens 5. |
Pistillate flowers | tepals 3, narrowly elliptic, obovate-elliptic or spatulate, not clawed, ± equal, 1.2–1.7 mm, apex rounded or nearly acute, mucronate or not; style branches erect; stigmas 3. |
tepals 5, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, slightly unequal, 2.5–4 mm, margins entire, apex obtuse; style branches erect; stigmas 3. |
Seeds | black or dark brown, subglobose to thick-lenticular, 1 mm diam., minutely punctulate, rather dull. |
dark reddish brown, lenticular, 2.5 mm diam., glossy. |
Utricles | ovoid to compressed-ovoid, 1–1.6 mm, equaling or slightly exceeding tepals, prominently or faintly rugose, indehiscent. |
ovoid, 4–6 mm, exceeding tepals, fleshy, smooth or slightly rugose, longitudinally wrinkled on drying, indehiscent. |
Amaranthus viridis |
Amaranthus pumilus |
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Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | Flowering summer–fall. |
Habitat | Fields, railroads, lawns, gardens, waste areas, other disturbed habitats | Maritime sand dunes, beaches, mostly on foredunes and at high tide level |
Elevation | 0-1000 m (0-3300 ft) | 0-10 m (0-0 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; FL; GA; LA; MA; MI; MS; NC; NM; NY; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; native to South America [Introduced in North America; introduced in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide]
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CT; DE; MA; MD; NC; NJ; NY; PA; RI; SC; VA |
Discussion | Of conservation concern. Amaranthus pumilus is a globally and federally threatened species (Global Heritage Status Rank G2; National Heritage Status Rank N2) originally restricted to dunes and barrier island beaches along the Atlantic Ocean from southern Massachusetts to South Carolina. It has been eliminated from two-thirds of its former range, being last reported from Massachusetts in 1849, from Rhode Island in 1856, from New Jersey in 1913, and from Virginia in 1972 (S. Ramsey et al. 2000). As of fall 2003, extant populations are known only from Long Island, New York, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, and South Carolia. Many threats exist, including construction of sea walls and dune fencing, development, heavy recreational use, and off-road vehicle traffic. It is difficult to afford protection because of the dynamic nature of the habitat and the fugitive nature of the biology of the species. “Fugitive” refers to the fact that the species does not necessarily occur throughout its potential range at any given time (S. E. Clemants 1992). Amaranthus pumilus is in the Center for Plant Conservation’s National Collection of Endangered Plants. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 4, p. 429. | FNA vol. 4, p. 430. |
Parent taxa | Amaranthaceae > Amaranthus > subg. Albersia | Amaranthaceae > Amaranthus > subg. Albersia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | A. gracilis | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 2: 1405. (1763) | Rafinesque: Med. Repos., hexade 2, 5: 360. (1808) |
Web links |