Amaranthus deflexus |
Amaranthus muricatus |
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Argentina amaranth, deflexed amaranth, large-fruit amaranth, low amaranth |
African amaranth, muricate amaranth |
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Habit | Plants short-lived perennial or annual, pubescent in distal parts of plant or becoming glabrescent at maturity. | Plants annual or short-lived perennial, glabrous or slightly pubescent near tips. |
Stems | ascending or prostrate, profusely branched basally, radiating from rootstock, mostly 0.2–0.5 m. |
ascending or prostrate, much-branched from stout rootstock, 0.1–0.4 m. |
Leaves | petiole 1/2 as long as to equaling blade; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate to lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.5–1 cm, base tapering or cuneate, margins entire, plane or slightly undulate, apex subacute, obtuse, or retuse or shallowly emarginate, mucronulate. |
petiole to 1/2 as long as blade; blade linear to narrowly lanceolate, 1.5–8 × 0.2–0.5(–1) mm, base tapering, margins entire, plane to undulate, apex obtuse and often emarginate. |
Bracts | of pistillate flowers linear, 0.5–1 mm, 1/2 as long as tepals. |
of pistillate flowers linear, 0.7–1.2 mm, 1/2–2/3 as long as tepals. |
Inflorescences | terminal, erect, compact, pyramidal panicles and also some axillary clusters, green or silvery green, occasionally tinged with red, leafless at least distally. |
terminal, compact pyramidal panicles and axillary glomerules, erect or reflexed, green, leafless at least distally. |
Staminate flowers | clustered at tips of inflorescences; tepals 2–3; stamens 2–3. |
intermixed with pistillate or at tips of inflorescences; tepals 5; stamens 5. |
Pistillate flowers | tepals 2–3, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, not clawed, equal or subequal, 1.2–2 mm, apex broadly acute; style branches erect; stigmas 3. |
tepals 5, narrowly oblanceolate, not clawed, equal, 1.5–2 mm, apex obtuse or subacute; style branches erect; stigmas 3. |
Seeds | very dark brown to black, 1–1.2 mm diam., shiny, filling only proximal portion of fruit. |
black, lenticular, 1–1.2 mm diam., semiglossy. |
Utricles | marked with 2(–3) green lines that intersect at apex and divide fruit into halves or quarters, slightly to distinctly inflated, ellipsoid, 2–3 mm, distinctly longer than tepals, smooth (in dry plants wrinkled or rugose), indehiscent. |
compressed, subglobose, 1.7–2 mm, ± equaling or slightly exceeding tepals, muricate, indehiscent. |
Amaranthus deflexus |
Amaranthus muricatus |
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Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | Flowering summer–fall. |
Habitat | Weedy areas, ballast heaps, railroads, other disturbed habitats | Waste places, on ballast |
Elevation | 0-500 m [0-1600 ft] | 0 m [0 ft] |
Distribution |
AL; CA; FL; GA; LA; MA; NJ; NY; OR; PA; TN; VA; native to South America [Introduced in North America; locally introduced or naturalized in tropical to warm-temperate regions of the globe]
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AL; s South America (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay) [Introduced in North America; introduced in s Europe, s Africa, Australia, and other regions] |
Discussion | The hybrid between Amaranthus deflexus and A. muricatus was described from Europe as A. ×tarraconensis Sennen & Pau (see J. L. Carretero 1979) and may be expected in North America in the future in places of possible co-occurrence of the parental species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The vernacular name “African amaranth” is sometimes used for this species; it is a misnomer; the species is native to South America and naturalized in Africa. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 4, p. 430. | FNA vol. 4, p. 431. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Euxolus muricatus | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Mant. Pl. 2: 295. (1771) | (Moquin-Tandon) Hieronymus: Pl. Diaph. Fl. Argent., 227. (1882) |
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