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alyssum, madwort

Habit Annuals or perennials [biennials, subshrubs]; not scapose; trichomes sessile, stellate, with 2–6 minute basal branches (branches as many as 3–25), rays branched or not, sometimes trichomes simple [lepidote]. Annuals, biennials, or perennials [shrubs]; eglandular.
Stems

erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched.

Leaves

basal and cauline;

petiolate or sessile;

basal rosulate or not, petiolate or sessile, blade margins entire;

cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or attenuate), margins entire.

Cauline leaves

petiolate or sessile;

blade base not auriculate, margins usually entire.

Trichomes

short-stalked or sessile and stellate, or distinctly stalked and subdendritic or forked, sometimes mixed with simple ones.

Racemes

(few- to several-flowered, sometimes corymbose or paniculate).

ebracteate [bracteate], often elongated in fruit.

Flowers

sepals ovate or oblong, lateral pair not saccate;

petals yellow or white [rarely pink], suborbicular, spatulate, oblanceolate, linear-oblanceolate, or, obovate (apex obtuse or emarginate);

stamens tetradynamous;

filaments not winged, uni- or bilaterally winged, appendaged, or toothed;

anthers ovate or oblong;

nectar glands (4), 1 on each side of lateral stamen, median glands absent; (placentation apical or parietal).

actinomorphic;

sepals erect to spreading, lateral pair seldom saccate basally;

petals white or yellow [orange, pink, or purple], claw present, usually distinct;

filaments appendaged, winged (toothed), or unappendaged;

pollen 3-colpate.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending, divaricate, or reflexed, slender or stout.

Fruits

sessile, ovate-oblong, obovate, or elliptic [obcordate, rarely globose], usually strongly flattened, latiseptate, rarely inflated;

valves each not veined (smooth), pubescent or glabrous;

replum (visible), rounded;

septum complete, (membranous, translucent, veinless);

ovules 1 or 2 [or 4–8] per ovary;

stigma capitate.

silicles, dehiscent, unsegmented, latiseptate or terete;

ovules 2–16(–20) per ovary;

style distinct;

stigma usually entire, rarely 2-lobed.

Seeds

biseriate or aseriate, flattened, winged or not, orbicular or suborbicular to ovoid;

seed coat (smooth or minutely reticulate), mucilaginous or not when wetted;

cotyledons accumbent or incumbent.

biseriate or aseriate, rarely uniseriate;

cotyledons accumbent or incumbent, rarely oblique.

Alyssum

Brassicaceae tribe Alysseae

Distribution
from USDA
North America; se Europe; Asia; n Africa
[BONAP county map]
North America; Eurasia; n Africa
Discussion

Species ca. 170 (6 in the flora).

Alyssum has five introduced and one native species in North America. It is taxonomically difficult and is centered in Turkey and adjacent countries. For the determination of most species, both flowers and mature fruits are needed. Alyssum has been split into nine or more segregates; the segregates are based on the presence of staminal appendages, petal color, and number of ovules per ovary. In the absence of thorough molecular studies on Alyssum and its immediate relatives, it is more practical to delimit the genus broadly, as done here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Genera 13, species ca. 255 (3 genera, 9 species in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Perennials; ovules 1 or 2 per ovary
→ 2
1. Annuals; ovules 2 per ovary
→ 3
2. Cauline leaf blades broadly oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or obovate; stems 0.7-1.5(-2) dm; ovules (1 or) 2 per ovary; seeds not winged or margined, 1-1.7 mm.
A. obovatum
2. Cauline leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear; stems (2.5-)3-6(-7) dm; ovules 1 per ovary; seeds broadly winged, 3-3.8 mm.
A. murale
3. Fruits usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent (when young).
A. desertorum
3. Fruits pubescent throughout
→ 4
4. Sepals persistent; filaments not appendaged, toothed, or winged (slender).
A. alyssoides
4. Sepals caducous; filaments at least some appendaged, toothed, or winged (expanded basally)
→ 5
5. Fruits orbicular; fruiting pedicels divaricate.
A. simplex
5. Fruits ovate-oblong; fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect.
A. szowitsianum
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 247. Author: Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. FNA vol. 7, p. 247.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae Brassicaceae
Subordinate taxa
A. alyssoides, A. desertorum, A. murale, A. obovatum, A. simplex, A. szowitsianum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 650. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 293. (1754) de Candolle: Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 7: 231. (1821)
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