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alyssum, madwort

alyssum, small alyssum

Habit Annuals or perennials [biennials, subshrubs]; not scapose; trichomes sessile, stellate, with 2–6 minute basal branches (branches as many as 3–25), rays branched or not, sometimes trichomes simple [lepidote]. Annuals; canescent throughout, trichomes appressed, coarse, (3–)5–10-rayed, rays sometimes unequal.
Stems

erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched.

often several from base, usually erect or ascending, rarely decumbent, (unbranched or branched distally), (0.3–)0.7–3(–4) dm.

Leaves

basal and cauline;

petiolate or sessile;

basal rosulate or not, petiolate or sessile, blade margins entire;

cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or attenuate), margins entire.

Cauline leaves

subsessile or (proximal) attenuate to petiolelike base (to 0.4 cm);

blade oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or elliptic-lanceolate, (0.5–)0.7–2.2(–3) cm × (1–)2–6(–8) mm (gradually smaller distally), base attenuate, apex acute.

Racemes

(few- to several-flowered, sometimes corymbose or paniculate).

Flowers

sepals ovate or oblong, lateral pair not saccate;

petals yellow or white [rarely pink], suborbicular, spatulate, oblanceolate, linear-oblanceolate, or, obovate (apex obtuse or emarginate);

stamens tetradynamous;

filaments not winged, uni- or bilaterally winged, appendaged, or toothed;

anthers ovate or oblong;

nectar glands (4), 1 on each side of lateral stamen, median glands absent; (placentation apical or parietal).

sepals oblong, 1.7–2.3 × 0.8–1.1 mm, trichomes stellate;

petals pale yellow, oblanceolate, (1.8–)2–2.8(–3.2) × 0.6–0.8 mm, base attenuate, apex often emarginate, sparsely stellate-pubescent abaxially or glabrous;

filaments: median pairs broadly winged, apically 1- or 2-toothed, lateral pair with broadly winged appendage, apically 2-cleft, 1.4–2 mm;

anthers ovate, 0.3–0.4 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending, divaricate, or reflexed, slender or stout.

divaricate, straight, stout, (2–)3–5(–6) mm, trichomes stellate (some with unequal rays).

Fruits

sessile, ovate-oblong, obovate, or elliptic [obcordate, rarely globose], usually strongly flattened, latiseptate, rarely inflated;

valves each not veined (smooth), pubescent or glabrous;

replum (visible), rounded;

septum complete, (membranous, translucent, veinless);

ovules 1 or 2 [or 4–8] per ovary;

stigma capitate.

orbicular, (3.5–)4–6.5(–7) mm diam., apex truncate or shallowly emarginate;

valves uniformly inflated at middle, broadly flattened at margins, densely stellate-pubescent (trichomes coarse, rays equal or unequal);

ovules 2 per ovary;

style 0.7–1.6 mm, basally stellate-pubescent or glabrous.

Seeds

biseriate or aseriate, flattened, winged or not, orbicular or suborbicular to ovoid;

seed coat (smooth or minutely reticulate), mucilaginous or not when wetted;

cotyledons accumbent or incumbent.

ovoid, 1.6–2 × 1.2–1.5 mm, slightly compressed, margined or not.

2n

= 16.

Alyssum

Alyssum simplex

Phenology Flowering Apr–Jun.
Habitat Sagebrush areas, fields, roadsides, sandy slopes
Elevation 1400-2400 m (4600-7900 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; se Europe; Asia; n Africa
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; KS; MT; NE; NM; NV; OR; UT; WY; Europe; c Asia; sw Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species ca. 170 (6 in the flora).

Alyssum has five introduced and one native species in North America. It is taxonomically difficult and is centered in Turkey and adjacent countries. For the determination of most species, both flowers and mature fruits are needed. Alyssum has been split into nine or more segregates; the segregates are based on the presence of staminal appendages, petal color, and number of ovules per ovary. In the absence of thorough molecular studies on Alyssum and its immediate relatives, it is more practical to delimit the genus broadly, as done here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Almost all European and North American authors, including T. R. Dudley (1964) and R. C. Rollins (1993), have used the name Alyssum minus (Linnaeus) Rothmaler for this species. Rothmaler made his new combination based on the nomen nudum Clypeola minus Linnaeus and cited A. campestre Linnaeus as a synonym. Therefore, that combination is illegitimate, and the species should be known as A. simplex, the earliest valid and legitimate name.

Most of the North American records of Alyssum strigosum are based on misidentified plants of A. simplex. The two species are similar in nearly all aspects except for trichome morphology of the fruit. In A. simplex, all fruit trichomes are stellate and occasionally some trichomes have rays coarser than the others. By contrast, the fruit trichomes in A. strigosum are markedly dimorphic and consist of stellate hairs mixed with tuberculate-based, much coarser, forked ones. I have not yet seen any material of A. strigosum from North America, and those annotated as such belong to A. simplex. T. R. Dudley (1968) and R. C. Rollins (1993) based their record of A. strigosum on a single collection, Davis 108 (DS), made in 1920 from Santa Clara County, California. Although I have not examined that specimen to verify its identity, it appears that the species has not become established in the flora area, and it is not included in the present account.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Perennials; ovules 1 or 2 per ovary
→ 2
1. Annuals; ovules 2 per ovary
→ 3
2. Cauline leaf blades broadly oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or obovate; stems 0.7-1.5(-2) dm; ovules (1 or) 2 per ovary; seeds not winged or margined, 1-1.7 mm.
A. obovatum
2. Cauline leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear; stems (2.5-)3-6(-7) dm; ovules 1 per ovary; seeds broadly winged, 3-3.8 mm.
A. murale
3. Fruits usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent (when young).
A. desertorum
3. Fruits pubescent throughout
→ 4
4. Sepals persistent; filaments not appendaged, toothed, or winged (slender).
A. alyssoides
4. Sepals caducous; filaments at least some appendaged, toothed, or winged (expanded basally)
→ 5
5. Fruits orbicular; fruiting pedicels divaricate.
A. simplex
5. Fruits ovate-oblong; fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect.
A. szowitsianum
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 247. Author: Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. FNA vol. 7, p. 249.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae > Alyssum
Sibling taxa
A. alyssoides, A. desertorum, A. murale, A. obovatum, A. szowitsianum
Subordinate taxa
A. alyssoides, A. desertorum, A. murale, A. obovatum, A. simplex, A. szowitsianum
Synonyms A. parviflorum var. micranthum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 650. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 293. (1754) Rudolphi: J. Bot. (Schrader) 1799(2): 290. (1799)
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