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alyssum, madwort

American madwort

Habit Annuals or perennials [biennials, subshrubs]; not scapose; trichomes sessile, stellate, with 2–6 minute basal branches (branches as many as 3–25), rays branched or not, sometimes trichomes simple [lepidote]. Perennials; (cespitose, caudex often woody); canescent throughout, trichomes 10–25-rayed.
Stems

erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched.

often several from base (often with sterile shoots), usually erect or ascending, 0.7–1.5(–2) dm.

Leaves

basal and cauline;

petiolate or sessile;

basal rosulate or not, petiolate or sessile, blade margins entire;

cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or attenuate), margins entire.

Cauline leaves

subsessile;

blade broadly oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or obovate, 0.6–1.4(–1.7) cm × (1–)2–6 mm (gradually smaller distally), base attenuate, apex rounded, obtuse, or subacute. (Racemes corymbose, simple, or in panicles terminating each stem.) Fruiting pedicels divaricate, straight, slender, (2–)3–7(–9) mm, trichomes uniformly stellate.

Racemes

(few- to several-flowered, sometimes corymbose or paniculate).

Flowers

sepals ovate or oblong, lateral pair not saccate;

petals yellow or white [rarely pink], suborbicular, spatulate, oblanceolate, linear-oblanceolate, or, obovate (apex obtuse or emarginate);

stamens tetradynamous;

filaments not winged, uni- or bilaterally winged, appendaged, or toothed;

anthers ovate or oblong;

nectar glands (4), 1 on each side of lateral stamen, median glands absent; (placentation apical or parietal).

sepals oblong, 1.5–2 × 0.7–1 mm, stellate-pubescent;

petals yellow, broadly spatulate, 2.5–3.5(–4) × 1–1.5 mm, base attenuate, apex often obtuse or rounded, glabrous abaxially;

filaments: median pairs unilaterally broadly winged, apically 1-toothed, lateral pair with lanceolate or narrowly oblong basal appendage, apically obtuse or subacute, 1.5–2 mm;

anthers oblong, 0.3–0.4 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending, divaricate, or reflexed, slender or stout.

Fruits

sessile, ovate-oblong, obovate, or elliptic [obcordate, rarely globose], usually strongly flattened, latiseptate, rarely inflated;

valves each not veined (smooth), pubescent or glabrous;

replum (visible), rounded;

septum complete, (membranous, translucent, veinless);

ovules 1 or 2 [or 4–8] per ovary;

stigma capitate.

broadly elliptic or obovate, 3–4.5(–5) × 2.5–3.5 mm, apex obtuse to rounded;

valves inflated at middle or on 1 side, flattened at margins, densely stellate-pubescent;

ovules (1 or) 2 per ovary;

style (slender), 1.5–2 mm, glabrous.

Seeds

biseriate or aseriate, flattened, winged or not, orbicular or suborbicular to ovoid;

seed coat (smooth or minutely reticulate), mucilaginous or not when wetted;

cotyledons accumbent or incumbent.

ovoid, compressed, 1–1.7 × 0.8–1.2 mm, not winged or margined.

2n

= 16, 32.

Alyssum

Alyssum obovatum

Phenology Flowering May–Jul.
Habitat Mountain slopes, cliffs, gravel, rocky places
Elevation 500-1500 m (1600-4900 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; se Europe; Asia; n Africa
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; YT; c Asia; e Asia
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species ca. 170 (6 in the flora).

Alyssum has five introduced and one native species in North America. It is taxonomically difficult and is centered in Turkey and adjacent countries. For the determination of most species, both flowers and mature fruits are needed. Alyssum has been split into nine or more segregates; the segregates are based on the presence of staminal appendages, petal color, and number of ovules per ovary. In the absence of thorough molecular studies on Alyssum and its immediate relatives, it is more practical to delimit the genus broadly, as done here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Perennials; ovules 1 or 2 per ovary
→ 2
1. Annuals; ovules 2 per ovary
→ 3
2. Cauline leaf blades broadly oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or obovate; stems 0.7-1.5(-2) dm; ovules (1 or) 2 per ovary; seeds not winged or margined, 1-1.7 mm.
A. obovatum
2. Cauline leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear; stems (2.5-)3-6(-7) dm; ovules 1 per ovary; seeds broadly winged, 3-3.8 mm.
A. murale
3. Fruits usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent (when young).
A. desertorum
3. Fruits pubescent throughout
→ 4
4. Sepals persistent; filaments not appendaged, toothed, or winged (slender).
A. alyssoides
4. Sepals caducous; filaments at least some appendaged, toothed, or winged (expanded basally)
→ 5
5. Fruits orbicular; fruiting pedicels divaricate.
A. simplex
5. Fruits ovate-oblong; fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect.
A. szowitsianum
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 247. Author: Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. FNA vol. 7, p. 250.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae > Alyssum
Sibling taxa
A. alyssoides, A. desertorum, A. murale, A. simplex, A. szowitsianum
Subordinate taxa
A. alyssoides, A. desertorum, A. murale, A. obovatum, A. simplex, A. szowitsianum
Synonyms Odontarrhena obovata, A. americanum, A. biovulatum, A. fallax
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 650. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 293. (1754) (C. A. Meyer) Turczaninow: Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 10: 57. (1837)
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