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alyssum, madwort

wall alyssum, yellowtuft

Habit Annuals or perennials [biennials, subshrubs]; not scapose; trichomes sessile, stellate, with 2–6 minute basal branches (branches as many as 3–25), rays branched or not, sometimes trichomes simple [lepidote]. Perennials; (cespitose, sometimes caudex woody); canescent or not, trichomes stellate, 5–20-rayed.
Stems

erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched.

often several from caudex (sterile shoots absent or few), usually erect or ascending, (2.5–)3–6(–7) dm.

Leaves

basal and cauline;

petiolate or sessile;

basal rosulate or not, petiolate or sessile, blade margins entire;

cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or attenuate), margins entire.

Cauline leaves

subsessile;

blade narrowly oblanceolate to linear, (0.5–)0.7–2.5(–3) cm × 1–5(–8) mm (gradually smaller distally), base cuneate to attenuate, apex obtuse to subacute, (surfaces often more grayish abaxially than adaxially). (Racemes corymbose, in panicles terminating each stem.) Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, straight or slightly curved distally, slender, (2–)2.5–6(–8) mm, trichomes uniformly stellate.

Racemes

(few- to several-flowered, sometimes corymbose or paniculate).

Flowers

sepals ovate or oblong, lateral pair not saccate;

petals yellow or white [rarely pink], suborbicular, spatulate, oblanceolate, linear-oblanceolate, or, obovate (apex obtuse or emarginate);

stamens tetradynamous;

filaments not winged, uni- or bilaterally winged, appendaged, or toothed;

anthers ovate or oblong;

nectar glands (4), 1 on each side of lateral stamen, median glands absent; (placentation apical or parietal).

sepals oblong, 1.2–2 × 0.4–0.7 mm, stellate-pubescent;

petals yellow, spatulate, 2.5–3.5 × 0.5–1 mm, base attenuate, apex often obtuse or rounded, glabrous abaxially;

filaments: median pairs broadly winged, apically 1-toothed, lateral pair with lanceolate or narrowly oblong basal appendage, apically subacute, 1.5–2.5 mm;

anthers oblong, 0.2–0.3 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending, divaricate, or reflexed, slender or stout.

Fruits

sessile, ovate-oblong, obovate, or elliptic [obcordate, rarely globose], usually strongly flattened, latiseptate, rarely inflated;

valves each not veined (smooth), pubescent or glabrous;

replum (visible), rounded;

septum complete, (membranous, translucent, veinless);

ovules 1 or 2 [or 4–8] per ovary;

stigma capitate.

broadly elliptic to orbicular, 3.5–5 × 2.5–5 mm, apex obtuse to rounded;

valves not inflated, flattened and slightly undulate, stellate-pubescent;

ovules 1 per ovary;

style (slender) 1–2 mm, sparsely pubescent.

Seeds

biseriate or aseriate, flattened, winged or not, orbicular or suborbicular to ovoid;

seed coat (smooth or minutely reticulate), mucilaginous or not when wetted;

cotyledons accumbent or incumbent.

suborbicular to broadly ovoid, compressed, 3–3.8 × 2–3.2 mm, margins winged, wing 0.5–0.9 mm wide.

2n

= 16, 32.

Alyssum

Alyssum murale

Phenology Flowering May–Jul.
Habitat Waste areas, roadsides
Elevation 1500-1800 m (4900-5900 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; se Europe; Asia; n Africa
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CO; OR; UT; AB; BC; ON; QC; Europe; sw Asia [Introduced in North America]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species ca. 170 (6 in the flora).

Alyssum has five introduced and one native species in North America. It is taxonomically difficult and is centered in Turkey and adjacent countries. For the determination of most species, both flowers and mature fruits are needed. Alyssum has been split into nine or more segregates; the segregates are based on the presence of staminal appendages, petal color, and number of ovules per ovary. In the absence of thorough molecular studies on Alyssum and its immediate relatives, it is more practical to delimit the genus broadly, as done here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Perennials; ovules 1 or 2 per ovary
→ 2
1. Annuals; ovules 2 per ovary
→ 3
2. Cauline leaf blades broadly oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or obovate; stems 0.7-1.5(-2) dm; ovules (1 or) 2 per ovary; seeds not winged or margined, 1-1.7 mm.
A. obovatum
2. Cauline leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear; stems (2.5-)3-6(-7) dm; ovules 1 per ovary; seeds broadly winged, 3-3.8 mm.
A. murale
3. Fruits usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent (when young).
A. desertorum
3. Fruits pubescent throughout
→ 4
4. Sepals persistent; filaments not appendaged, toothed, or winged (slender).
A. alyssoides
4. Sepals caducous; filaments at least some appendaged, toothed, or winged (expanded basally)
→ 5
5. Fruits orbicular; fruiting pedicels divaricate.
A. simplex
5. Fruits ovate-oblong; fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect.
A. szowitsianum
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 247. Author: Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. FNA vol. 7, p. 250.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae > Alyssum
Sibling taxa
A. alyssoides, A. desertorum, A. obovatum, A. simplex, A. szowitsianum
Subordinate taxa
A. alyssoides, A. desertorum, A. murale, A. obovatum, A. simplex, A. szowitsianum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 650. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 293. (1754) Waldstein & Kitaibel: Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 1: 5. (1799)
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