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alyssum, madwort

pale alyssum, pale madwort, small alyssum, sweet alyssum, yellow alyssum

Habit Annuals or perennials [biennials, subshrubs]; not scapose; trichomes sessile, stellate, with 2–6 minute basal branches (branches as many as 3–25), rays branched or not, sometimes trichomes simple [lepidote]. Annuals; canescent throughout, trichomes appressed, 6–10-rayed, mixed with simple and forked on pedicels and sepals.
Stems

erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched.

simple or few to several from base, erect, ascending, or decumbent, (unbranched or branched distally), 0.5–3.5(–5) dm.

Leaves

basal and cauline;

petiolate or sessile;

basal rosulate or not, petiolate or sessile, blade margins entire;

cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base cuneate or attenuate), margins entire.

Cauline leaves

subsessile or (proximal) shortly petiolate;

blade usually narrowly oblanceolate to linear, sometimes spatulate or obovate, 3–4(–4.5) cm × (0.5–)1–3.5(–5) mm, base attenuate or cuneate, apex obtuse or acute.

Racemes

(few- to several-flowered, sometimes corymbose or paniculate).

Flowers

sepals ovate or oblong, lateral pair not saccate;

petals yellow or white [rarely pink], suborbicular, spatulate, oblanceolate, linear-oblanceolate, or, obovate (apex obtuse or emarginate);

stamens tetradynamous;

filaments not winged, uni- or bilaterally winged, appendaged, or toothed;

anthers ovate or oblong;

nectar glands (4), 1 on each side of lateral stamen, median glands absent; (placentation apical or parietal).

sepals (persistent) oblong, (1.5–)2–3 × 0.7–1.1 mm, pubescent as pedicels;

petals (often persistent) white or pale yellow, usually linear to linear-oblanceolate, rarely obovate, 2–3(–4) × 0.3–0.7(–1) mm, apex emarginate, glabrous or sparsely stellate-pubescent abaxially;

filaments (slender) not appendaged, toothed, or winged, 1–1.5 mm;

anthers ovate, 0.15–0.2 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending, divaricate, or reflexed, slender or stout.

divaricate or ascending, straight, slender, 2–5(–6) mm, trichomes stellate, with fewer, simple and forked ones.

Fruits

sessile, ovate-oblong, obovate, or elliptic [obcordate, rarely globose], usually strongly flattened, latiseptate, rarely inflated;

valves each not veined (smooth), pubescent or glabrous;

replum (visible), rounded;

septum complete, (membranous, translucent, veinless);

ovules 1 or 2 [or 4–8] per ovary;

stigma capitate.

orbicular, (2–)3–4(–5) mm diam., apex emarginate or truncate;

valves uniformly inflated at middle, strongly flattened at margins, sparsely stellate-pubescent;

ovules 2 per ovary;

style (slender), 0.3–0.6(–1) mm, basally stellate-pubescent or glabrous.

Seeds

biseriate or aseriate, flattened, winged or not, orbicular or suborbicular to ovoid;

seed coat (smooth or minutely reticulate), mucilaginous or not when wetted;

cotyledons accumbent or incumbent.

oblong to ovoid, compressed, 1.1–2 × 0.7–1.1 mm, margins narrow, ca. 0.1 mm wide.

2n

= 32.

Alyssum

Alyssum alyssoides

Phenology Flowering May–Jul.
Habitat Roadsides, railways, waste grounds, disturbed sites, grassy areas, fields, sagebrush flats, limestone ledges or bluffs
Elevation 0-1800 m (0-5900 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; se Europe; Asia; n Africa
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AZ; CA; CO; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; MA; MD; ME; MI; MT; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SD; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; ON; QC; SK; Europe; sw Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species ca. 170 (6 in the flora).

Alyssum has five introduced and one native species in North America. It is taxonomically difficult and is centered in Turkey and adjacent countries. For the determination of most species, both flowers and mature fruits are needed. Alyssum has been split into nine or more segregates; the segregates are based on the presence of staminal appendages, petal color, and number of ovules per ovary. In the absence of thorough molecular studies on Alyssum and its immediate relatives, it is more practical to delimit the genus broadly, as done here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Perennials; ovules 1 or 2 per ovary
→ 2
1. Annuals; ovules 2 per ovary
→ 3
2. Cauline leaf blades broadly oblanceolate, obovate-spatulate, or obovate; stems 0.7-1.5(-2) dm; ovules (1 or) 2 per ovary; seeds not winged or margined, 1-1.7 mm.
A. obovatum
2. Cauline leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear; stems (2.5-)3-6(-7) dm; ovules 1 per ovary; seeds broadly winged, 3-3.8 mm.
A. murale
3. Fruits usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent (when young).
A. desertorum
3. Fruits pubescent throughout
→ 4
4. Sepals persistent; filaments not appendaged, toothed, or winged (slender).
A. alyssoides
4. Sepals caducous; filaments at least some appendaged, toothed, or winged (expanded basally)
→ 5
5. Fruits orbicular; fruiting pedicels divaricate.
A. simplex
5. Fruits ovate-oblong; fruiting pedicels ascending to suberect.
A. szowitsianum
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 247. Author: Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz. FNA vol. 7, p. 248.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae Brassicaceae > tribe Alysseae > Alyssum
Sibling taxa
A. desertorum, A. murale, A. obovatum, A. simplex, A. szowitsianum
Subordinate taxa
A. alyssoides, A. desertorum, A. murale, A. obovatum, A. simplex, A. szowitsianum
Synonyms Clypeola alyssoides, A. calycinum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 650. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 293. (1754) (Linnaeus) Linnaeus: Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1130. (1759)
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