Flora of North America species comparison

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Alternanthera philoxeroides

Amaranthaceae

alligator weed, pig weed

amaranth family
Habit Herbs, perennial, aquatic to semiterrestrial, stoloniferous, to 50 dm. Herbs, rarely subshrubs, annual or perennial; trichomes simple (branched in Tidestromia).
Stems

prostrate, forming mats, often fistulose, glabrous.

without nodal spines (Amaranthus spinosus sometimes with paired nodal spines).
Leaves

sessile;

blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 3.5–7.1 × 0.5–2 cm, herbaceous, apex acute to obtuse, glabrous.

alternate or opposite, exstipulate, usually petiolate;

blade margins entire (entire or serrulate in Iresine; entire, crispate, or erose in Amaranthus).
Inflorescences

terminal and axillary, pedunculate;

heads white, globose, 1.4–1.7 cm diam.;

bracts not keeled, less than 1/2 as long as tepals.

cymules arranged in spikes, panicles, thyrses, heads, glomerules, clusters, or racemes; each flower subtended by 1 bract and 2 bracteoles (latter sometimes 1 or absent in Amaranthus).
Flowers

tepals monomorphic, white, lanceolate or oblong, 6 mm, apex acute, glabrous;

stamens 5;

pseudostaminodes ligulate.

bisexual or unisexual (plants then monoecious or dioecious), hypogynous, generally small or minute;

tepals mostly (1–)4–5 or absent, distinct or connate into cups or tubes, scarious, chartaceous, membranaceous, or indurate;

stamens 2–5, filaments basally connate into cups or tubes, rarely distinct, alternating with pseudostaminodes (appendages on staminal tubes) or not, anthers 2-locular with 1 line of dehiscence or 4-locular with 2 lines of dehiscence;

ovary superior, 1-locular;

ovules 1 or, rarely, 2–many;

style 1 or absent;

stigmas 1–3(–5).
Fruits

utricles, dry, dehiscent or not.
Seeds

not seen.

black, reddish brown, or brown, lenticular, subglobose or globose (rarely cylindric), usually small;

embryo peripheral, surrounding mealy perisperm.
Utricles

not seen.

Alternanthera philoxeroides

Amaranthaceae
Phenology Flowering early spring–summer.
Habitat Ponds, ditches, streams, bayous
Elevation 0-200 m (0-700 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CA; FL; GA; IL; KY; LA; MS; NC; SC; TN; TX; VA; West Indies; native to South America [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Nearly worldwide; most abundant in tropics; subtropics; and warm-temperate regions; evidently absent from alpine and arctic regions
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Alternanthera philoxerioides is said to reproduce only vegetatively in North America. I have seen no fruit or seed.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Genera ca. 65, species ca. 900 (12 genera, 80 species in the flora).

Centers of diversity for Amaranthaceae are southwestern North America, Central America, South America, and Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Generic limits are not well defined in some groups; fewer than 60 or more than 70 genera could be recognized.

Some species occur in severe habitats such as sandy, calcareous, gypseous, saline, or serpentine soils in deserts, semideserts, and seashores. Some species are weedy, including the major agricultural weeds in Amaranthus. Some species are cultivated as ornamentals, particularly Amaranthus caudatus (love-lies-bleeding), A. hypochondriacus (prince’s-feather), A. tricolor (Joseph’s-coat), Celosia cristata (cockscomb), and Gomphrena globosa (globe-amaranth). Native Americans domesticated white-seeded grain amaranths (A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus) for use as cereal grains. Some species of Amaranthus and Celosia are potherbs.

Amaranthaceae are usually divided into subfamilies Amaranthoideae (anthers 4-locular with two lines of dehiscence) and Gomphrenoideae Schinz (anthers 2-locular with one line of dehiscence). Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae have long been recognized as allied families that share a number of features: generally small flowers, one perianth whorl, a syncarpous gynoecium with a superior ovary and often only one ovule, basal or free-central placentation, pollen characteristics, centrospermous embryo development, betalain pigments, and P-type form (c) sieve-element plastids.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Distal leaves alternate
→ 2
1. Distal leaves opposite
→ 5
2. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious); utricles 1-seeded
→ 3
2. Flowers bisexual; utricles 2+-seeded
→ 4
3. Shrubs
Iresine
3. Herbs, annual, rarely perennial
Amaranthus
4. Leaf blades mostly lanceolate, ovate, or deltate; pseudostaminodes absent
Celosia
4. Leaf blades linear; pseudostaminodes alternating with filaments on staminal tubes
Hermbstaedtia
5. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); inflorescences terminal, diffuse, open panicles
Iresine
5. Flowers bisexual; inflorescences terminal and/or axillary glomerules, heads, or spikes
→ 6
6. Inflorescences sessile glomerules or condensed spikes, axillary
→ 7
6. Inflorescences pedunculate heads or spikes, terminal and sometimes axillary near stem tips
→ 10
7. Inflorescences several-flowered, axillary spikes; pseudostaminodes present
Alternanthera
7. Inflorescences 1-20-flowered, axillary glomerules; pseudostaminodes present or absent
→ 8
8. Indumentum of branched or barbed trichomes, densely covering plant (rarely glabrous); pseudostaminoides present
Tidestromia
8. Indumentum of simple trichomes; pseudostaminoides absent
→ 9
9. Tepals connate proximally, tips 1-veined; filament tubes inserted distally on perianth tubes; basal rosette leaves usually absent at anthesis
Guilleminea
9. Tepals distinct, 3-veined; filament tubes ± free from tepals; basal rosette leaves present at anthesis
Gossypianthus
10. Inflorescences simple or compound spikes
→ 11
10. Inflorescences globose or cylindric heads or spikes
→ 12
11. Inflorescences mostly compound, interrupted spikes; tepals connate into indurate tubes with lateral crests or spines, lanate
Froelichia
11. Inflorescences simple spikes or few-branched panicles, flowers progressively farther apart below; tepals basally connate into indurate tubes, without ornamentation, ± glabrous
Achyranthes
12. Inflorescences not immediately subtended by leaves
Alternanthera
12. Inflorescences immediately subtended by 2 or more leaves
→ 13
13. Leaves fleshy, sessile; blade linear to narrowly obovate, glabrous except in axils
Blutaparon
13. Leaves not fleshy, petiolate or sessile; blade ovate to obovate, pilose at least abaxially
Gomphrena
Source FNA vol. 4, p. 448. FNA vol. 4, p. 405. Authors: Kenneth R. Robertson, Steven E. Clemants.
Parent taxa Amaranthaceae > Alternanthera
Sibling taxa
A. brasiliana, A. caracasana, A. ficoidea, A. flavescens, A. maritima, A. paronychioides, A. pungens, A. sessilis
Subordinate taxa
Achyranthes, Alternanthera, Amaranthus, Blutaparon, Celosia, Froelichia, Gomphrena, Gossypianthus, Guilleminea, Hermbstaedtia, Iresine, Tidestromia
Synonyms Bucholzia philoxeroides, Achyranthes philoxeroides
Name authority (Martius) Grisebach: Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 36. (1879) Jussieu
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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