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alligator weed, pig weed

joyweed

Habit Herbs, perennial, aquatic to semiterrestrial, stoloniferous, to 50 dm. Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial.
Stems

prostrate, forming mats, often fistulose, glabrous.

prostrate, decumbent, ascending, erect, or floating, indumentum of simple trichomes.

Leaves

sessile;

blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 3.5–7.1 × 0.5–2 cm, herbaceous, apex acute to obtuse, glabrous.

opposite, sessile or petiolate;

blade lanceolate to ovate, ovate-rhombic, or obovate-rhombic, margins entire.

Inflorescences

terminal and axillary, pedunculate;

heads white, globose, 1.4–1.7 cm diam.;

bracts not keeled, less than 1/2 as long as tepals.

axillary or terminal, sessile or pedunculate, several-flowered cylindric spikes or globose heads, without immediately subtending leaves;

bracts and bracteoles scarious.

Flowers

tepals monomorphic, white, lanceolate or oblong, 6 mm, apex acute, glabrous;

stamens 5;

pseudostaminodes ligulate.

bisexual;

tepals 5, distinct;

stamens 3–5;

filaments connate basally into tube or short cup;

pseudostaminodes 5, alternating with stamens;

ovule 1;

style 1, ca. 0.2 mm;

stigma capitate or rarely 2-lobed.

Seeds

not seen.

1, reddish brown, lenticular or ovoid-oblong.

Utricles

not seen.

compressed, ovoid or obovoid, indehiscence.

Alternanthera philoxeroides

Alternanthera

Phenology Flowering early spring–summer.
Habitat Ponds, ditches, streams, bayous
Elevation 0-200 m (0-700 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CA; FL; GA; IL; KY; LA; MS; NC; SC; TN; TX; VA; West Indies; native to South America [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
Primarily American tropics and subtropics; some in Asia; Africa; and Australia
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Alternanthera philoxerioides is said to reproduce only vegetatively in North America. I have seen no fruit or seed.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species ca. 80 (9 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Inflorescences pedunculate, terminal and axillary
→ 2
1. Inflorescences sessile, axillary
→ 4
2. Bracts not keeled; tepals glabrous
A. philoxeroides
2. Bracts keeled; tepals pilose
→ 3
3. Bracts shorter than to equaling tepals
A. brasiliana
3. Bracts less than 1/2 as long as tepals
A. flavescens
4. Pseudostaminode margins fimbriate; anthers 5, oblong
→ 5
4. Pseudostaminode margins laciniate, dentate or, entire; anthers 3-5, globose
→ 6
5. Tepals rigid, margins coriaceous, glabrous; leaves succulent
A. maritima
5. Tepals not rigid, margins chartaceous, pilose or hispid; leaves not succulent
A. ficoidea
6. Tepals monomorphic, hairs not barbed
→ 7
6. Tepals dimorphic, hairs barbed
→ 8
7. Mature fruit exerted between tepals
A. sessilis
7. Mature fruit included within tepals
A. paronychioides
8. Tepals 5-7 mm, sparsely villous; leaf blades usually as broad as long; pseudostaminode margins dentate
A. pungens
8. Tepals 3-5 mm, densely villous; leaf blades longer than broad; pseudostaminode margins usually entire
A. caracasana
Source FNA vol. 4, p. 448. FNA vol. 4, p. 447. Author: Steven E. Clemants.
Parent taxa Amaranthaceae > Alternanthera Amaranthaceae
Sibling taxa
A. brasiliana, A. caracasana, A. ficoidea, A. flavescens, A. maritima, A. paronychioides, A. pungens, A. sessilis
Subordinate taxa
A. brasiliana, A. caracasana, A. ficoidea, A. flavescens, A. maritima, A. paronychioides, A. philoxeroides, A. pungens, A. sessilis
Synonyms Bucholzia philoxeroides, Achyranthes philoxeroides
Name authority (Martius) Grisebach: Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 36. (1879) Forsskål: Fl. Aegypt.-Arab., 28. (1775)
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