Flora of North America species comparison

erect, branched distally.

mostly cauline;

proximal opposite, distal alternate; ± sessile;

blades linear, margins entire or toothed, faces hirsute or villous and (distal leaves) sparsely glandular-pubescent.

mostly basal, or basal and cauline, or mostly cauline; opposite and/or alternate; usually sessile, rarely petiolate;

blades usually spatulate to oblanceolate or linear to linear-elliptic, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy and glandular (glands sometimes elaborate, apices sometimes gland- or spine-tipped).

± campanulate to cylindric or ellipsoid, 3–12+ mm diam.

campanulate, cylindric, ellipsoid, globose, fusiform, hemispheric, obconic, or urceolate.

flat to convex (setulose), paleate (paleae falling, in 1 series between rays and disc, distinct).

flat or convex to conic, ± paleate (paleae either in 1 series interior to ray florets, then usually connate and persistent, or 1 palea subtending each disc floret, then usually distinct and soon falling, or, in discoid heads, paleae functioning as phyllaries in 1 series and together constituting an “involucre”).

3–8, pistillate, fertile;

corollas yellow, turning reddish (lobes ± parallel).

0, or 1–75+, pistillate, fertile;

corollas usually yellow or whitish, sometimes proximally yellow and distally whitish, often marked with red or purple or turning red on drying, rarely orange or red-orange (apices usually ± deeply divided, lobes usually 3, sometimes 2).

4–35, bisexual and fertile;

corollas yellow to reddish, tubes ± equaling narrowly funnelform throats, lobes 5, lance-deltate (anthers ± dark purple; styles glabrous proximal to branches).

1–200+, bisexual and fertile, or functionally staminate;

corollas usually yellow, sometimes brown, orange, reddish, or whitish, tubes much shorter than to about equaling cylindric to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate;

anther thecae usually dark (reddish to purple, often described as “black”), sometimes pale (yellow to brown);

stigmatic papillae in 2 lines.

3–8 in 1 series (± lance-linear, herbaceous, each fully enveloping a ray ovary, abaxially hirsute or villous and sparsely glandular-pubescent or eglandular).

persistent or falling, 1–75+ in 1(–2) series or 0 (the “involucre” then interpreted as constituted of 1 series of receptacular paleae; phyllaries distinct or weakly connate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate or linear, equal or subequal, herbaceous, usually conduplicate, often each partly or wholly investing a subtended floret, apices often attenuate, faces usually glandular).

usually 0, sometimes 2–12+ bractlets (Centromadia, some members of Hemizonia and Lagophylla).

radiate, borne singly or in loose, ± corymbiform arrays.

usually radiate, rarely discoid, usually in corymbiform, glomerulate, paniculiform, spiciform, or ± umbelliform arrays, sometimes borne singly.

obcompressed, compressed, or terete, often obpyramidal, clavate, or fusiform, glabrous or hairy (ray and disc often different);

pappi 0, or persistent or falling, of awns, bristles, or scales (sometimes in combination) in 1–2 series (the elements often ciliate or plumose).

(brown to black) similar to rays (± scabrous);

pappi of 10 white, oblong scales (apices obtuse).

(black) obcompressed, clavate (10-ribbed, straight, basal attachments centered, apices beakless, faces glabrous or ± scabrous);

pappi 0.

bracts: pit-glands, tack-glands, and/or spines 0 at tips.

= 8.