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Richardson needlegrass, Richardson's needlegrass, Richardson's rice grass, spreading needlegrass

Indian rice grass, sand needlegrass, sand ricegrass

Habit Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous.
Culms

30-100 cm tall, 1-1.5 mm thick, glabrous;

nodes usually 3.

25-70 cm tall, 0.7-1.3 mm thick, glabrous or partly scabridulous;

nodes 3-4.

Sheaths

glabrous or scabridulous, sometimes puberulent on the distal margins, hairs to 0.8 mm;

collars glabrous, sometimes with tufts of hair on the sides, hairs to 1 mm;

basal ligules 1.5-4 mm, hyaline, glabrous, acute;

upper ligules to 2 mm;

blades usually convolute, 0.1-1 mm in diameter, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabridulous, adaxial surfaces pubescent.

Panicles

7-25 cm long, 7-15 cm wide;

branches divergent, flexuous, longest branches 7-10 cm, with the spikelets confined to the distal 1/4.

9-20 cm long, 8-14 cm wide;

branches ascending to strongly divergent, longest branches 3-15 cm;

pedicels paired, conspicuously divaricate, shorter pedicels in each pair usually at least 1/2 as long as the longer pedicels.

Spikelets

pendulous.

Glumes

subequal, 5-9 mm long, 0.8-2 mm wide, saccate below, puberulent, hairs about 0.1 mm, tapering above midlength, apices acuminate;

lower glumes 5-veined at the base, 3-veined at midlength;

upper glumes 5-7-veined at the base;

florets 3-4.5 mm long, 1-2 mm thick, obovoid;

calluses 0.4-1 mm, sharp;

lemmas indurate, densely and evenly pilose, hairs 2.5-6 mm, easily rubbed off, apices not lobed;

awns 3-6 mm, rapidly deciduous, not geniculate, scabrous;

paleas subequal to the lemmas in length and texture, glabrous, apices pinched;

anthers 1.5-2 mm, penicillate, dehiscent, well-filled.

Lower glumes

7.5-11 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide;

upper glumes 2-3 mm shorter;

florets 5-6 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm thick, fusiform, terete;

calluses 0.4-0.7 mm, blunt;

lemmas evenly hairy on the lower portion, often glabrate distally, body and apical hairs 0.2-0.5 mm, apical lobes not or scarcely developed, to 0.1 mm;

awns 15-25 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments strigulose, hairs about 0.1 mm, terminal segment straight;

paleas 2.2-3.6 mm, 1/2 - 3/5 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs not exceeding the apices, apices rounded;

anthers 2.5-3 mm, dehiscent, penicillate, hairs 0.1-0.5 mm.

Caryopses

3-4 mm, fusiform.

2-3 mm.

Basal

sheaths glabrous, margins ciliolate;

collars glabrous, without tufts of hair on the sides;

ligules 0.1-0.5 mm, truncate, ciliolate;

blades 0.8-3 mm wide, convolute when dry, abaxial surfaces scabridulous, adaxial surfaces glabrous.

2n

= 44.

= 46, 48.

Achnatherum richardsonii

Achnatherum hymenoides

Distribution
from FNA
AK; CO; ID; MT; SD; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; SK; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; AZ; CA; CO; ID; KS; MN; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; OK; OR; SD; TX; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; SK; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Achnatherum richardsonii grows in open woodlands and grasslands,often on sand or gravel, from the Yukon Territory to Washington and Manitoba, and south in the Rocky Mountains through Montana and Wyoming to western South Dakota and northern Colorado. Its elevation range is 1000-3100 m. It is readily recognized by its combination of flexuous panicle branches, drooping spikelets, and straight distal awn segments. Scagel and Maze (1984) concluded that putative hybrids between A. richardsonii and A. nelsonii subsp. dorei were merely large plants of subsp. dorei that varied in the direction of A. richardsonii.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Achnatherum hymenoides grows in dry, well-drained soils, primarily in the western part of the Flora region and northern Mexico. Specimens from further east may be introduced; it is unknown whether they have persisted. The roots of A. hymenoides are often surrounded by a rhizosheath formed by mucilaginous secretions to which soil particles attach. This rhizosheath harbors nitrogen-fixing organisms that probably contribute to the success of the species as a colonizer.

Native Americans used the seeds of Achnatherum hymenoides for food. It is also one of the most palatable native grasses for livestock. Several cultivars have been developed for use in restoration work, and it is becoming increasingly available for use as an ornamental.

Achnatherum hymenoides forms natural hybrids with other members of the Stipeae. See discussion on p. 142.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 24, p. 133. FNA vol. 24, p. 139.
Parent taxa Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Stipeae > Achnatherum Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Stipeae > Achnatherum
Sibling taxa
A. aridum, A. arnowiae, A. contractum, A. coronatum, A. curvifolium, A. diegoense, A. eminens, A. hendersonii, A. hymenoides, A. latiglume, A. lemmonii, A. lettermanii, A. lobatum, A. nelsonii, A. nevadense, A. occidentale, A. parishii, A. perplexum, A. pinetorum, A. robustum, A. scribneri, A. splendens, A. stillmanii, A. swallenii, A. thurberianum, A. wallowaense, A. webberi, A. ×bloomeri
A. aridum, A. arnowiae, A. contractum, A. coronatum, A. curvifolium, A. diegoense, A. eminens, A. hendersonii, A. latiglume, A. lemmonii, A. lettermanii, A. lobatum, A. nelsonii, A. nevadense, A. occidentale, A. parishii, A. perplexum, A. pinetorum, A. richardsonii, A. robustum, A. scribneri, A. splendens, A. stillmanii, A. swallenii, A. thurberianum, A. wallowaense, A. webberi, A. ×bloomeri
Synonyms Stipa richardsonii Stipa hymenoides, Oryzopsis hymenoides
Name authority (Link) Barkworth (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth
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