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common western needlegrass, stiff needlegrass, velvet-leaf, western needle grass

Henderson's needlegrass, Henderson's rice grass

Habit Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous.
Culms

14-120(180) cm tall, 0.3-2 mm thick, internodes glabrous or puberulent to densely pubescent;

nodes 2-4, glabrous or pubescent.

10-35 cm tall, 0.3-0.9 mm thick, pubescent below the nodes, glabrous or sparsely puberulent elsewhere;

nodes 1-2.

Panicles

5-30 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide;

branches appressed, straight, longest branches 1-7 cm.

4-12 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, erect;

branches and pedicels straight, appressed to strongly ascending, longest branches 2-7 cm.

Spikelets

appressed to the branches.

Glumes

subequal, 9-15 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide;

florets 5.5-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.9 mm thick, fusiform, terete;

calluses 0.8-1.2 mm, sharp, dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip with the callus hairs narrowly acute;

lemmas evenly hair, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm at midlength, apical hairs somewhat longer than those below, sometimes similar in length to those at the base of the awns, sometimes longer, apical lobes 0.3-0.5 mm, membranous;

awns 15-55 mm, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments evidently hairy, terminal segment glabrous or partly to wholly pilose, sometimes scabrous;

paleas 2.2-3.5 mm, 2/5 – 3/5 as long as the lemmas, hairs at the tip usually shorter than 1 mm, frequently extending beyond the apices, apices rounded;

anthers 2.5-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate.

subequal, 3.5-5.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, 5-veined;

lower glumes obtuse, apices rounded to acute;

upper glumes rounded to obtuse, subequal or to 1 mm shorter than the lower glumes;

florets 3.5-4.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, fusiform, laterally compressed;

calluses 0.3-0.5 mm, blunt;

lemmas coriaceous, glabrous, shiny, apical lobes about 0.2 mm long, thick;

awns 6-10 mm, readily deciduous, not geniculate, scabrous;

paleas about 3 mm, from3/4 as long as to equaling the lemmas, indurate, glabrous, apices rounded, flat;

anthers about 2.5 mm, dehiscent, penicillate.

Caryopses

4-6 mm, fusiform.

2.5-4 mm.

Basal

sheaths glabrous or puberulent to densely pubescent, often ciliate at the throat;

collars often with tufts of hair at the sides;

ligules 0.2-1.5 mm, often ciliate;

blades 0.5-3 mm wide and flat, or convolute and 0.1-0.8 mm in diameter, lax to straight.

sheaths completely or mostly glabrous, margins sometimes ciliate distally;

collars glabrous;

ligules 0.4-1 mm, hyaline, glabrous or pubescent, rounded;

blades tightly folded or convolute, to 1 mm wide or thick, abaxial surfaces scabrous, adaxial surfaces pubescent.

2n

=36.

= 34.

Achnatherum occidentale

Achnatherum hendersonii

Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
ID; OR; WA
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Achnatherum occidentale, which extends from British Columbia to California, Utah, and Colorado, varies considerably in pubescence and size. The three subspecies recognized here occasionally occur together.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Achnatherum hendersonii grows in dry, rocky, shallow soil, in sagebrush or ponderosa pine associations. It is known from only three counties: Yakima and Kittitas counties, Washington, and Crook County, Oregon. Maze (1981) noted that, at one site, A. hendersonii was restricted to areas subject to frost heaving, although under cultivation, it can grow without such disturbance. He hypothesized that its survival in such sites is attributable to a competitive advantage gained by the structure of its root system. Unlike Poa secunda, which grew in the surrounding, undisturbed areas, the outer cortex and epidermis of the roots of A. hendersonii form a sheath around the stele and inner cortex. When the roots are pulled, this sheath slips and breaks but the internal structures remain intact. In Poa secunda, the outer part of the root is attached to the central core and, when the roots are pulled, they break. Achnatherum hendersonii also differs from P. secunda in having relatively few (9-12), evenly distributed roots that extend to 30 cm.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Terminal awn segment usually pilose; culms 0.3-1 mm thick, glabrous even on the basal internodes; glumes often purplish
subsp. occidentale
1. Terminal awn segment usually scabrous or glabrous, occasionally pilose at the base; culms 0.5-2 mm thick; glumes usually green.
→ 2
2. First 2 awn segments scabrous or pilose with hairs of mixed lengths; apical lemma hairs longer than the basal awn hairs
subsp. californicum
2. First 2 awn segments pilose, the hairs gradually and evenly becoming shorter towards the first geniculation; apical lemma hairs similar in length to the basal awn hairs
subsp. pubescens
Source FNA vol. 24, p. 121. FNA vol. 24, p. 139.
Parent taxa Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Stipeae > Achnatherum Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Stipeae > Achnatherum
Sibling taxa
A. aridum, A. arnowiae, A. contractum, A. coronatum, A. curvifolium, A. diegoense, A. eminens, A. hendersonii, A. hymenoides, A. latiglume, A. lemmonii, A. lettermanii, A. lobatum, A. nelsonii, A. nevadense, A. parishii, A. perplexum, A. pinetorum, A. richardsonii, A. robustum, A. scribneri, A. splendens, A. stillmanii, A. swallenii, A. thurberianum, A. wallowaense, A. webberi, A. ×bloomeri
A. aridum, A. arnowiae, A. contractum, A. coronatum, A. curvifolium, A. diegoense, A. eminens, A. hymenoides, A. latiglume, A. lemmonii, A. lettermanii, A. lobatum, A. nelsonii, A. nevadense, A. occidentale, A. parishii, A. perplexum, A. pinetorum, A. richardsonii, A. robustum, A. scribneri, A. splendens, A. stillmanii, A. swallenii, A. thurberianum, A. wallowaense, A. webberi, A. ×bloomeri
Subordinate taxa
A. occidentale subsp. californicum, A. occidentale subsp. occidentale, A. occidentale subsp. pubescens
Synonyms Stipa occidentalis, Stipa occidentalis var. montana Stipa hendersonii, Oryzopsis hendersonii
Name authority (Thurb.) Barkworth (Vasey) Barkworth
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