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common western needlegrass, stiff needlegrass, velvet-leaf, western needle grass

arid needlegrass, Mormon needlegrass

Habit Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous.
Culms

14-120(180) cm tall, 0.3-2 mm thick, internodes glabrous or puberulent to densely pubescent;

nodes 2-4, glabrous or pubescent.

35-85 cm tall, 0.9-2.5 mm thick, usually glabrous and smooth, sometimes scabridulous or puberulent;

nodes 2-3.

Panicles

5-30 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide;

branches appressed, straight, longest branches 1-7 cm.

5-17 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, contracted, bases often enclosed at anthesis;

branches appressed or strongly ascending, straight, lower branches 1.5-4 cm.

Spikelets

appressed to the branches.

Glumes

subequal, 9-15 mm long, 0.6-0.9 mm wide;

florets 5.5-7.5 mm long, 0.5-0.9 mm thick, fusiform, terete;

calluses 0.8-1.2 mm, sharp, dorsal boundary of the glabrous tip with the callus hairs narrowly acute;

lemmas evenly hair, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm at midlength, apical hairs somewhat longer than those below, sometimes similar in length to those at the base of the awns, sometimes longer, apical lobes 0.3-0.5 mm, membranous;

awns 15-55 mm, twice-geniculate, first 2 segments evidently hairy, terminal segment glabrous or partly to wholly pilose, sometimes scabrous;

paleas 2.2-3.5 mm, 2/5 – 3/5 as long as the lemmas, hairs at the tip usually shorter than 1 mm, frequently extending beyond the apices, apices rounded;

anthers 2.5-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate.

Lower glumes

8-15 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide;

upper glumes 1-5 mm shorter;

florets 4-6.5 mm long, 0.6-1.1 mm thick, fusiform, terete;

calluses 0.2-1 mm, sharp;

lemmas evenly hairy on the lower portion, hairs 0.2-0.5 mm, the distal 1/5 – 1/4 often glabrous, apical hairs absent or fewer than 5, to 1.5 mm;

awns 40-80 mm, persistent, obscurely once-geniculate, scabridulous, terminal segment flexuous;

paleas 2-3.2 mm, 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs exceeding the apices, apices rounded, flat;

anthers 2-3.5 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate.

Caryopses

4-6 mm, fusiform.

Basal

sheaths glabrous or puberulent to densely pubescent, often ciliate at the throat;

collars often with tufts of hair at the sides;

ligules 0.2-1.5 mm, often ciliate;

blades 0.5-3 mm wide and flat, or convolute and 0.1-0.8 mm in diameter, lax to straight.

sheaths glabrous, upper sheath margins hyaline distally;

collars of the basal sheaths occasionally with a small tuft of 0.8 mm hair on the sides, collars of the upper leaves glabrous, scabridulous, or sparsely puberulent;

ligules 0.2-1.5 mm, truncate to rounded, erose, sometimes ciliate, cilia about 0.05 mm;

blades 0.9-3 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabridulous, glabrous, adaxial surfaces hirtellous, hairs to 0.5 mm.

2n

=36.

= unknown.

Achnatherum occidentale

Achnatherum aridum

Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; NM; NV; TX; UT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Achnatherum occidentale, which extends from British Columbia to California, Utah, and Colorado, varies considerably in pubescence and size. The three subspecies recognized here occasionally occur together.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Achnatherum aridum grows on rocky outcrops, in shrub-steppe and pinyon-juniper associations, from southeastern California to Colorado and New Mexico, at 1200-2000 m. It has also been reported from Texas, but no specimens documenting these reports have been located. It has not been found in Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Terminal awn segment usually pilose; culms 0.3-1 mm thick, glabrous even on the basal internodes; glumes often purplish
subsp. occidentale
1. Terminal awn segment usually scabrous or glabrous, occasionally pilose at the base; culms 0.5-2 mm thick; glumes usually green.
→ 2
2. First 2 awn segments scabrous or pilose with hairs of mixed lengths; apical lemma hairs longer than the basal awn hairs
subsp. californicum
2. First 2 awn segments pilose, the hairs gradually and evenly becoming shorter towards the first geniculation; apical lemma hairs similar in length to the basal awn hairs
subsp. pubescens
Source FNA vol. 24, p. 121. FNA vol. 24, p. 131.
Parent taxa Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Stipeae > Achnatherum Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Stipeae > Achnatherum
Sibling taxa
A. aridum, A. arnowiae, A. contractum, A. coronatum, A. curvifolium, A. diegoense, A. eminens, A. hendersonii, A. hymenoides, A. latiglume, A. lemmonii, A. lettermanii, A. lobatum, A. nelsonii, A. nevadense, A. parishii, A. perplexum, A. pinetorum, A. richardsonii, A. robustum, A. scribneri, A. splendens, A. stillmanii, A. swallenii, A. thurberianum, A. wallowaense, A. webberi, A. ×bloomeri
A. arnowiae, A. contractum, A. coronatum, A. curvifolium, A. diegoense, A. eminens, A. hendersonii, A. hymenoides, A. latiglume, A. lemmonii, A. lettermanii, A. lobatum, A. nelsonii, A. nevadense, A. occidentale, A. parishii, A. perplexum, A. pinetorum, A. richardsonii, A. robustum, A. scribneri, A. splendens, A. stillmanii, A. swallenii, A. thurberianum, A. wallowaense, A. webberi, A. ×bloomeri
Subordinate taxa
A. occidentale subsp. californicum, A. occidentale subsp. occidentale, A. occidentale subsp. pubescens
Synonyms Stipa occidentalis, Stipa occidentalis var. montana Stipa arida
Name authority (Thurb.) Barkworth (M.E. Jones) Barkworth
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