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San Diego County needlegrass, San Diego needlegrass

Indian rice grass, sand needlegrass, sand ricegrass

Habit Plants cespitose, not rhizomatous. Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous.
Culms

110-140 cm tall, 2.5-4 mm thick, internodes densely and retrorsely pubescent for 3-9 mm below the nodes, particularly the lower nodes, glabrous or retrorsely puberulent elsewhere;

nodes 3, pubescent or glabrate.

25-70 cm tall, 0.7-1.3 mm thick, glabrous or partly scabridulous;

nodes 3-4.

Sheaths

glabrous or scabridulous, sometimes puberulent on the distal margins, hairs to 0.8 mm;

collars glabrous, sometimes with tufts of hair on the sides, hairs to 1 mm;

basal ligules 1.5-4 mm, hyaline, glabrous, acute;

upper ligules to 2 mm;

blades usually convolute, 0.1-1 mm in diameter, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabridulous, adaxial surfaces pubescent.

Panicles

21-25 cm long, (2)4-8 cm wide;

branches strongly divergent to ascending, straight, lower branches 5-7 cm.

9-20 cm long, 8-14 cm wide;

branches ascending to strongly divergent, longest branches 3-15 cm;

pedicels paired, conspicuously divaricate, shorter pedicels in each pair usually at least 1/2 as long as the longer pedicels.

Spikelets

appressed to the branches.

Glumes

subequal, 8-11.5 mm;

lower glumes 0.5-1 mm wide, 3-5-veined;

upper glumes 3-veined;

florets 5.5-7.5 mm long, 0.7-1 mm thick, fusiform, terete;

calluses 0.25-1.2 mm, acute;

lemmas evenly hairy, hairs at midlength and at the apices 0.5-1 mm, apical lobes 0.2-0.4 mm, membranous, flexible;

awns 20-50 mm, persistent, twice-geniculate, all segments scabrous to scabridulous, terminal segment straight;

paleas 2.6-3.8 mm, 1/2 - 3/4 as long as the lemmas, pubescent, hairs not extending beyond the apices, veins terminating below the apices, apices rounded;

anthers 2.5-4 mm, dehiscent, not penicillate.

subequal, 5-9 mm long, 0.8-2 mm wide, saccate below, puberulent, hairs about 0.1 mm, tapering above midlength, apices acuminate;

lower glumes 5-veined at the base, 3-veined at midlength;

upper glumes 5-7-veined at the base;

florets 3-4.5 mm long, 1-2 mm thick, obovoid;

calluses 0.4-1 mm, sharp;

lemmas indurate, densely and evenly pilose, hairs 2.5-6 mm, easily rubbed off, apices not lobed;

awns 3-6 mm, rapidly deciduous, not geniculate, scabrous;

paleas subequal to the lemmas in length and texture, glabrous, apices pinched;

anthers 1.5-2 mm, penicillate, dehiscent, well-filled.

Caryopses

2-3 mm.

Basal

sheaths mostly glabrous or puberulent, margins ciliate distally;

collars glabrous or with hairs, hairs mostly to 0.5 mm, sides with tufts of 1.5-2 mm hairs;

ligules 0.4-2 mm, rounded to acute, abaxial surfaces hairy, hairs to 0.5 mm;

upper ligules 1-3 mm, similar in structure and pubescence;

blades 1-3.5 mm wide, abaxial surfaces smooth or scabrous, adaxial surfaces prominently ribbed, hairy, hairs 2-3 mm.

2n

= unknown.

= 46, 48.

Achnatherum diegoense

Achnatherum hymenoides

Distribution
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; AZ; CA; CO; ID; KS; MN; MT; ND; NE; NM; NV; OK; OR; SD; TX; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; SK; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Achnatherum diegoense grows in chaparral and coastal sage scrub, on rocky soil near streams or the coast, at 0-350 m, on the Channel Islands of Santa Barbara County, California, and, on the mainland, in Ventura and San Diego counties south into Baja California, Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Achnatherum hymenoides grows in dry, well-drained soils, primarily in the western part of the Flora region and northern Mexico. Specimens from further east may be introduced; it is unknown whether they have persisted. The roots of A. hymenoides are often surrounded by a rhizosheath formed by mucilaginous secretions to which soil particles attach. This rhizosheath harbors nitrogen-fixing organisms that probably contribute to the success of the species as a colonizer.

Native Americans used the seeds of Achnatherum hymenoides for food. It is also one of the most palatable native grasses for livestock. Several cultivars have been developed for use in restoration work, and it is becoming increasingly available for use as an ornamental.

Achnatherum hymenoides forms natural hybrids with other members of the Stipeae. See discussion on p. 142.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 24, p. 131. FNA vol. 24, p. 139.
Parent taxa Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Stipeae > Achnatherum Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Stipeae > Achnatherum
Sibling taxa
A. aridum, A. arnowiae, A. contractum, A. coronatum, A. curvifolium, A. eminens, A. hendersonii, A. hymenoides, A. latiglume, A. lemmonii, A. lettermanii, A. lobatum, A. nelsonii, A. nevadense, A. occidentale, A. parishii, A. perplexum, A. pinetorum, A. richardsonii, A. robustum, A. scribneri, A. splendens, A. stillmanii, A. swallenii, A. thurberianum, A. wallowaense, A. webberi, A. ×bloomeri
A. aridum, A. arnowiae, A. contractum, A. coronatum, A. curvifolium, A. diegoense, A. eminens, A. hendersonii, A. latiglume, A. lemmonii, A. lettermanii, A. lobatum, A. nelsonii, A. nevadense, A. occidentale, A. parishii, A. perplexum, A. pinetorum, A. richardsonii, A. robustum, A. scribneri, A. splendens, A. stillmanii, A. swallenii, A. thurberianum, A. wallowaense, A. webberi, A. ×bloomeri
Synonyms Stipa hymenoides, Oryzopsis hymenoides
Name authority (Swallen) Barkworth (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth
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