Burke: Erythranthe primuloides vs. Erythranthe cardinalis

	Erythranthe primuloides	Erythranthe cardinalis
	primrose monkey-flower	scarlet monkey-flower
Habit	Mat-forming perennial from long, thin rhizomes, the stem lax, up to 6 cm. long.	Rhizomatous perennials; stems 25-75 cm, usually erect or curving upward, branched, somewhat glandular-villous or becoming glabrous.
Leaves	Leaves opposite, crowded near the ground, short-hairy abaxially (underside), viscid to glabrous adaxially (upperside); leaves oblanceolate, sessile, nearly entire, 3-nerved from the base, 7-25 mm. long and 3-11 mm. wide.	Leaves typically cauline; sessile; blade ovate to elliptic to obovate, 20-90 mm long and 10-38 mm broad, palmate venation, base acuminate and nearly clasping, margins irregularly toothed, apex acute, surfaces hairy as stems.
Flowers	Flowers solitary on slender pedicels up to 10 cm. long arising from the leaf clusters; calyx narrow, 4-8 mm. long, mostly glabrous, the 5 teeth short, equal; corolla yellow, often dotted with maroon, 1-2 cm. long, scarcely bilabiate, the 5 lobes spreading, shallowly notched, the throat somewhat flaring; stamens 4.	Axillary flowers 2-12, emerging from leaf axes at mid- to ends of stem; fruiting pedicels generally 30-90 mm; calyx cylindric to nearly bell-shaped, not inflated, 17-28 mm, hairy or bristly-hairy, lobes 4-7 mm, ovate to nearly deltate, apex attenuate-acute; corollas red to orangish red or rarely yellow, throat yellowish with red stripes, palate red, yellow-villous and not spotted or striped, symmetric bilaterally, distinctly bilabiate; tube-throat funnel-shaped, generally 20-30 mm, protruding beyond calyx margin; throat open; styles glabrous; anthers protruding, white-hairy, thecae spreading.
Fruit(s)	Capsule.	Capsules 10-16 mm, included.

	Erythranthe primuloides	Erythranthe cardinalis
Flowering time	June-August	May-August
Habitat	Wet meadows and boggy areas at middle to high elevations in the mountains.	Streambanks, where escaped from cultivation.
Distribution	Occurring on both sides of the Cascades crest in Washington; British Columbia to California, east to Montana, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. [WildflowerSearch map]	Occurring east of the Cascades crest in Washington; Washington to California, east to the southern Rocky Mountains. [WildflowerSearch map]
Origin	Native	Introduced
Conservation status	Not of concern	Not of concern
Sibling taxa	E. alsinoides, E. ampliata, E. arvensis, E. breviflora, E. breweri, E. caespitosa, E. cardinalis, E. decora, E. dentata, E. floribunda, E. grandis, E. guttata, E. inflatula, E. jungermannioides, E. lewisii, E. microphylla, E. moschata, E. nasuta, E. patula, E. ptilota, E. pulsiferae, E. scouleri, E. suksdorfii, E. washingtonensis	E. alsinoides, E. ampliata, E. arvensis, E. breviflora, E. breweri, E. caespitosa, E. decora, E. dentata, E. floribunda, E. grandis, E. guttata, E. inflatula, E. jungermannioides, E. lewisii, E. microphylla, E. moschata, E. nasuta, E. patula, E. primuloides, E. ptilota, E. pulsiferae, E. scouleri, E. suksdorfii, E. washingtonensis
Web links	Local floras: CA, OR, WA Local Web sites: CalFlora, CalPhotos, Flora NW, PNW Herbaria WildflowerSearch iNaturalist (observations) LBJ Wildflower Center SEINet Plants of the World Online Encyclopedia of Life Wikipedia Google Image Search	Local floras: CA, OR, WA Local Web sites: CalFlora, CalPhotos, Flora NW, PNW Herbaria WildflowerSearch iNaturalist (observations) USDA Plants Database LBJ Wildflower Center SEINet Plants of the World Online Encyclopedia of Life Wikipedia Google Image Search

Erythranthe primuloides

Erythranthe cardinalis

primrose monkey-flower

scarlet monkey-flower

Habit

Mat-forming perennial from long, thin rhizomes, the stem lax, up to 6 cm. long.

Rhizomatous perennials; stems 25-75 cm, usually erect or curving upward, branched, somewhat glandular-villous or becoming glabrous.

Leaves

Leaves opposite, crowded near the ground, short-hairy abaxially (underside), viscid to glabrous adaxially (upperside);

leaves oblanceolate, sessile, nearly entire, 3-nerved from the base, 7-25 mm. long and 3-11 mm. wide.

Leaves typically cauline; sessile;

blade ovate to elliptic to obovate, 20-90 mm long and 10-38 mm broad, palmate venation, base acuminate and nearly clasping, margins irregularly toothed, apex acute, surfaces hairy as stems.

Flowers

Flowers solitary on slender pedicels up to 10 cm. long arising from the leaf clusters;

calyx narrow, 4-8 mm. long, mostly glabrous, the 5 teeth short, equal;

corolla yellow, often dotted with maroon, 1-2 cm. long, scarcely bilabiate, the 5 lobes spreading, shallowly notched, the throat somewhat flaring;

stamens 4.

Axillary flowers 2-12, emerging from leaf axes at mid- to ends of stem; fruiting pedicels generally 30-90 mm;

calyx cylindric to nearly bell-shaped, not inflated, 17-28 mm, hairy or bristly-hairy, lobes 4-7 mm, ovate to nearly deltate, apex attenuate-acute;

corollas red to orangish red or rarely yellow, throat yellowish with red stripes, palate red, yellow-villous and not spotted or striped, symmetric bilaterally, distinctly bilabiate;

tube-throat funnel-shaped, generally 20-30 mm, protruding beyond calyx margin;

throat open;

styles glabrous;

anthers protruding, white-hairy, thecae spreading.

Fruit(s)

Capsule.

Capsules 10-16 mm, included.